Essay about Women´s Language A History of Indian-English...

Women’s Language: A history of Indian-English Women Writers. â€Å"Women have burnt like beacons in all the works of all the poets from the beginning of time. Indeed if woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some would say greater. But this is woman in fiction. In fact, as Professor Trevelyan points out, she was locked up, beaten and flung about the room. A very queer, composite being thus emerges. Imaginatively she is of the highest importance; practically she is completely insignificant. She pervades poetry from cover to cover; she is all but absent from†¦show more content†¦The most prominent example that we can see is in the work Samskara of U.R.Ananthamurthy. His portrayal of Chandri, Belli or Padmavati as silently accepting of men’s sexual advances without protest underlines the systematic erasure of a woman’s subjectivity; there i s no space for the articulation of either her protest or her consent. Her being a woman, the existence of her body is consent enough, his writing expounds. It is this lacuna in the language whether English, Tamil or any other that Cixious and Irigaray says is symptomatic of the fact that the â€Å"masculine, rational† language can not be the vehicle of expression for women. A new language needs to be created to portray this new, liberated woman. In the book ‘The New Woman in Indian English Writers Since the 1970’s’ Vijaylakshmi Sheshadri charts out the history of women’s writing and how it was compared to standard (patriarchal) ideals of the Pativrata image of women influenced by Classical Indian literature. Those that deviated from the established code were either marginalised or severely criticised. Sheshadri talks about a new image of the woman or a new woman needing a new writing which is not part of the dominant hegemony; a writing that is for women and portrays this new women in all her possibilities and unforeseen new identity. However she equates the new image ofShow MoreRelatedDevelopment of the Indian English Novel1486 Words   |  6 PagesBy Indian English Writing, we mean that body of literature which is written by Indians in English. It could be in the form of poetry, prose, fiction or drama. English is not our mother tongue and we are not native speakers of English, yet when in the early decades of the nineteenth century, English was introduced as the medium of instruction in our educational system, Indians were able to read Western literature that was available in English. They found the languageRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 Pageswhich transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language and cultural diversity develop from the mixture of European languages with Native American languages (mainly the Caribs and Arawaks) in the formation of creoles and local patois (hybrid languages) and those of AfricansRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 PagesThe Indian English novel evolved as a subaltern consciousness; as a reaction to break away from the colonial literature. Hence the post colonial literature in India witnessed a revolution against the idiom which the colonial writers followed. Gradually the Indian English authors began employing the techniques of hybrid language, magic realism peppered with nativ e themes. Thus from a post colonial era Indian literature ushered into the modern and then the post-modern era. The saga of the Indian EnglishRead MoreThe Great Deal Of Poetry1790 Words   |  8 Pagesthat since 1947 a great deal of poetry has been written by Indians in English; that in both quality and quantity, this poetry compares very well with the English poetry that Indians wrote from the days of Derozio and Kashi prasad Ghosh till 1947; that in both quality and quantity, this poetry perhaps compares well also with the poetry of quite a few of the current Indian languages. And this poetry of quite a few of the current Indian languages and that this poetry is the expression of certain attitudesRead MoreENG2602 ASS011982 Words   |  8 Pagesposition as a prominent Anglo-Indian postcolonial writer. In this paragraph of Midnight’s Children, we are able to see the psychological effects of colonial domination. An author is often influenced by his or her historical and cultural context. The text explores the ways in which history is given meaning through the retelling of individual experience â€Å"I was born...† History is seen subjectively through the eyes of the protagonist Saleem Sinai, therefore the retelling of history is fragmented and, at timesRead MoreAnita Desai s Desai 1035 Words   |  5 Pages She finds totally alone and helpless in her husband s house. Anita Desai s language is marked by three characteristics of sensuous richness, high sensitiveness and love for the sound words. She is chiefly interested in the emotional world of woman, and her fiction reflects a rare imaginative awareness of the various forces in operation and a genuine understanding of feminine sensibility as well as psychology. Her central characters are sensitive and respond faithfully to the needs of the selfRead MoreWife Novel of Bharathi Mukherjee2831 Words   |  12 Pagesforeign writer. As t he essay accompanying A Wifes Story points out, Mukherjee identifies herself very strongly as an American writer writing about twentieth-century Americans. Although most of her stories are about South Asian-Americans (South Asia in the contemporary geopolitical arena usually consists of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldive Islands), she sees herself as being primarily influenced by, as well as being part of, the tradition of Euro-American writers. In a briefRead MoreContemporary Indian And Indian Drama1657 Words   |  7 Pages Contemporary Indian drama in English Translation has dramatically made bold innovations and successful experiments in terms of both thematic concerns and technical virtuosities. Mohan Rakesh, Badal Sircar, Girish Karnad, and Vijay Tendulkar are the most famous playwrights of the contemporary Indian drama, whose excellent works are now amply available in many languages throughout the globe. Mohan Rakesh s plays describe the sufferings of men and women, who fall victims of socio-economic hierarchyRead MoreThe Partition Of The India2338 Words   |  10 Pages Partition Novel: The partition novel is official histories of Pakistan sub scribe to the two nation theory and argues that the Pakistan nation was the inevitable crystallization of the desire of the muslims of the Indian subcontinent to remain a distinctive community, separate from the Hindu population around them. Indian was partitioned on a two nation theory and despite the best efforts of Mahatma Gandhi and others of his ilk, It could not be averted. Now it is time to assess whether India hasRead MoreAn Introduction to Native American Literature1015 Words   |  5 Pagespassed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to relocate Native Americans from their homelands within established states to lands west of the Mississippi River, accommodating European-American expansion. Perhaps the most important moment of governmental detribalization came with the passing of the Dawes Act in 1887 which set aside 160 acres for each Indian on the reservation, and opened the â€Å"leftovers† up for settlement. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the Indian wars under

The Education Of Special Needs - 3725 Words

The Education of Special Needs in Public, Private, and Charter Schools Jerissa R. Gregory Liberty University Abstract Education is important to all children, but teaching children with special needs entails the educator to examine and assess the social, behavior, intellectual and academic deficits of the student and devise an instructional plan that will support their excellence in these areas. Teaching in a classroom with children who have disabilities pertains to various teaching methods that insist the teacher individualize lessons to achieve academic excellence in students. We will examine to special education requirements in public, private and charter schools. Many inclusion classrooms have the necessary support which include services and accommodations to establish a learning environment conducive to the students learning abilities. Although the education system has become far more advanced than it was and children with disabilities have more access to supports and services, problems still remain like they still lag behind their non disabled peers in educational achievements, are often held to lower expectations, are less likely to take the full academic curriculum in high school and more likely to drop out (Aron, Loprest p. 97). Early detection can help prevent secondary disabilities and detect early disabilities and allow for the proper intervention strategies to be in place. Early detection can redirect some of theShow MoreRelatedSpecial Needs For Special Education1028 Words   |  5 Pages Fitzgerald (2015) reported that it has been an increase of children identified with special education needs in different countries in Europe. One of the explanation for this influx is the definition of special needs recently changed, which caused more children to fall under that category. Since more children qualify for special education, professionals and parents need training and guidance on meeting the needs of those students. In Ireland, there is a challenge in finding the best comprehensiveRead MoreSpecial Education For Special Needs1336 Words   |  6 PagesS pecial education can become very costly even up to four times more than ordianry education. Many tools are needed such as speech pathologists, phychologists and teachers, and sometimes speech facilities and equipment Many schools feel they are not suited to work with the students therefore they are hesitant to take on the challenge. However, many parent’s opinions on special ed learning shows that they favor it over home schooling and other options. There are many different choices for parentsRead MoreSpecial Needs For Special Education951 Words   |  4 Pagesthe total number of students with special needs in the United States has grown from 1990 through 2005. Studies from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) show that there are 4.8 million children enrolled in public schools who received special education between the ages of 3-21. The studies show that in 1990 the percent of children receiving special education in the school was 11 percent, while in 2 005 the amount of students receiving special education grew to 14 percent. Actual studiesRead MoreSpecial Education Needs3359 Words   |  14 Pagesmeant by the term special educational needs; then I will talk about the history of my chosen topic which is autism; when it was diagnosed, who diagnosed it, how labelling can affect a child suffering from autism, and what treatments are available to assist autistic people in leading some-what normal lives. I will also write about the medical and social model, what they are and how they relate to SEN, I will then write about the SEN Code of Practice and special educational needs coordinators and touchRead MoreFunding For Special Needs Education946 Words   |  4 Pageseven a person at school with learning disabilities? What if I told you, the help that person need to learn better and assist them with their disabilities would be taken away from them. Around the country budgets cut have been made, especially harming the programs for spe cial needs students. The total amount that has been cut cross nation from this program, is ridiculous, $578,892,762 (www.special-education-degree.net). Here in Illinois, we have been one of the states that s been most struck by thisRead MoreChildren with Special Needs in Education1079 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial (adj.): better, greater, or otherwise different from what is usual. Children with special needs have some form of disability whether that be a learning, behavioral, physical, or emotional disability. These children need certain accommodations to help them reach their academic and social goals in school. There are many different types of disabilities, Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Mental retardation, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and each one has a completely different effectRead MoreThe Effects Of Special Education On Special Needs Students1505 Words   |  7 Pagesand policies related to special needs students are set in place to assist in providing an appropriate education in the most least restrictive environment possible for special needs students. A Law is defined as a rule that is created by the government of a town, state or country. A law is created in hopes of settling a cause. Within the past 25 years laws pertaining to Special Education have evolved for the better of special needs students around the countryRead MoreThe Role Of Special Education For Children With Special Needs1289 Words   |  6 Pageschildren with special needs may experience good mental health in supportive environments that support their strengths. I believe that children beneï ¬ t from having positive relationships and feel a sense of belonging at school. These positive experiences are important for children with special needs. Like all teachers, special education teachers must be organized, patient and able to motivate students. Since they work with students who have one or more disabilities, special education teachers mustRead MoreSpecial Needs Children and the Special Education Program Controversy1409 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education is such a broad and sensitive topic to talk about as well as the several issues that come with the Special education topic. And although there are a variety of issues, such as: special education children being accepted, segregated from their peers, the financial ability to support many special education programs, and the fact that a lot of teachers are not properly certified and do not know how to handle special needs children; there are also many resolutions. Special educationRead MoreEssay about Special Needs Education999 Words   |  4 Pageschild with mental retardation. Schooling for the disabled requires a special environment—one that only a few teachers have the gift to care for. Instead of looking out for the child’s needs, the government is focused on passing test grades and social skills. Mentally retarded children require a highly trained special education teacher, patience for behavioral issues, and are also required to pass standardized tests; public education for these students move at a faster pace than they can comprehend and

Block Calls from Unwanted Phone Number free essay sample

Even though mobile phones offer great convenience and is becoming a necessity for everyone, it also come with certain inconveniences because of unwanted calls. These unwanted calls mostly are telemarketing calls and can cause great nuisances while you are at work or when you are busy with something at home. If you really want to put an end to such calls, you can do so by various ways. Do not Call Registry: Registering here is one of the effective ways to stop such calls. There is a National do not call registry in most of the countries and by registering your mobile number there, you can stop any unsolicited commercial communication in the form of phone calls or message. Telemarketer is supposed to verify in the do not call registry database before making any telemarketing call to make sure they are not calling someone who have registered to avoid penalties. Register through Service Provider: This facility is offered by the service providers such as Airtel, Vodafone, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Block Calls from Unwanted Phone Number or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can either opt for total block of commercial calls or partial block as you choose. You can make the registration through SMS or can also do online registration. Handset Specific Options: There are also handset specific options provided by most of the makers such as Nokia, Samsung, Sony-Ericsson, LG, Android, iPhone, Blackberry, etc. Do these steps and add the unwanted numbers In Sony Ericcson, Settings Calls Manage Calls Accept Calls Only from list, press ‘Edit’ to choose the numbers. In Nokia,

Multicultural Competency in Psychology

Introduction There is a great diversity in the field of culture. Culture covers aspects like race, gender, language, values and beliefs and is developed from a combination of individual uniqueness and organizational or environment characteristics. Different people and communities have different cultural values and beliefs in regard to daily life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Competency in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is usually a hard task to understand and accept different cultures and people find themselves perceiving their own culture as the best compared to the other cultures and in most cases tend to treat communities with different cultures negatively. People find themselves discriminating others on the grounds of religion, ethnicity, language, physical location, sexual relations, educational background etc. Multicultural competency is an aspect that tries to coun ter the cultural differences issues by teaching on the spirit of appreciating other cultures irrespective of the differences that prevail. Multicultural Competency in Psychology It is natural to develop strong personal ethnicity and identity as one grows from childhood to adulthood. Although this is inevitable, it is usually good to learn and appreciate others by developing an inclusive identity and perception. Psychologists are faced with the problem of cultural differences since they deal with a wide variety of people each with different ways of life. The psychologist should be able to learn and understand the minds of people and try to identify where people behave the way they do as the job requires. A psychologist should be cautious and sensitive in his or her practice with an understanding that there are differences in the ways of life of people and hence they should be treated differently to avoid offending them. The American Psychological Association (APA) has set guidelines on how the psychologists and other related professionals should carry out their duties in regard to multicultural issues. The principles stresses that psychologists should at all times act as leaders of social justice and foster fairness by avoiding discrimination of any kind (Constantine and Derald, 2005). Biases, Perceptions, Attitudes, and Beliefs towards Culturally Different Groups Apart from the fact that psychologists have undergone training on their career aspects they are faced with the problem of cultural differences in their practices. As a psychologist I am bound to have biases, attitude, and beliefs towards people of different cultures. This is because I have my individuality and may find myself treating people of a different cultural background differently.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example I may be biased on the basis of race where I may treat the whi tes different from the blacks. I may also find myself discriminating on the basis of language by treating those that we share common language features better than those whose languages are quite different due to the ease of communication between us. Another cultural issue that would put me into a dilemma is the gender as I tend to perceive women as weak species and hence would treat them with much sensitivity and care than men with the same problem. Religion is another area of concern. I would tend to have biases between Christians and Muslims as I know much on Christianity than I do on the Muslim religion. Influence of Attitudes or Perceptions on Interaction with Individuals Who Are Culturally Different Attitudes or perceptions have great influence on how one interacts with people of different cultures. A psychologist should try as much as possible to be objective in his or her practices. I would find myself interacting well and comfortably with those whose culture are same or simi lar to mine due to the similarities in beliefs and other aspects of life. It becomes quite hard to interact with people for example with whom you don’t share a common language since foreign languages are not usually easy and some aspects are better explained using a certain language, for instance, mother tongue or national language. Knowledge on the Values, Practices, and Experiences of Individuals Who Are Culturally Different It is always a good idea to have some understanding of different beliefs and practices of various cultures to ease in interaction and handling of various aspects of life. The knowledge of different cultures helps psychologists understand their roles and be more sensitive on multicultural issues. Good knowledge of cultural differences avoids the mistake of assumption of issues due to ignorance and hence treating a person or a situation differently. I do have some knowledge though not much on values and practices of different cultures, for instance, I und erstand the differences between Islamic and Christian communities, such as, on the way women are treated and the powers they are given. Strengths and Weaknesses in Interacting With Culturally Different Individuals, And Ways of Addressing the Shortcomings I consider my ability to learn about other cultures easily as strength. Learning of other cultures helps understand why people behave the way they do making coping with their behavior easy. It also help understand the origin of problems people suffer and help solve them rightfully since some of them are as a result of their social environments and their perceptions of aspects.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Competency in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More My weakness is ignorance of certain aspects of other cultures. One way of overcoming my shortcoming is by identifying my personal biases and looking for ways to change from with in myself, accepting the diversity of culture and the fact that we can never be one. This will improve interaction and treatment given to others irrespective of their cultural differences. It will also be my responsibility to try and be flexible and willing to integrate with diverse cultures through commitment and hard work in learning the values, behaviors, and languages of various communities to ease interaction. It is also advisable to identify and acquire knowledge on various ethnic groups and races. As a psychologist one should adhere to the code of ethics that govern the profession especially in counseling to ensure that there is no discrimination on cultural differences or other factors (Corey, Corey, and Callan, 2007). Reference List Constantine, G.M. and Derald, S.W. (2005). Strategies for Building Multicultural Competence in Mental Health and Educational Settings. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Corey, G., Corey, M.S. and Callan, P. (2007). Issues and Ethics in the Helpin g Professions, 7th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Multicultural Competency in Psychology was written and submitted by user Emilia Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evolution of Formal Organizations

Evolution of Formal Organizations Free Online Research Papers For many centuries, formal organizations, employers and employees have been taught to operate the same. However many things have changed from the type of jobs and organizations, to how these jobs were completed. For centuries most formal organizations operated under what we call conventional bureaucracy. Conventional bureaucracy is known for its many levels in what we see as the pyramid. The pyramid starting with some higher ranked employees that have more authority down to the hard working rank and file workers, with no say so or authority at all. There were many challenges that these organizations faced. Hard work has always been appreciated throughout the years with these organizations. Past years work was completed with back-breaking labor and now with the advancement of modern technology most but not all work has been replaced with technology devices and more creativity. Unlike family traditions that are learned from generation to generation, how we operate our organizations these days and in our future will be nothing like the way our ancestors had to work. Like previously stated with the modern day technology advancements that we are witnessing, things have become much easier for us, than in past times. At that time the way these organizations attended to their jobs was the same form generation to generation. The work was done but with no change or new creative ideas, these employees felt they were at a dead end job. In the past there were many things that they lacked, that now are beneficial and a must have for formal organizations to operate more efficiently these days. Something that these past generations lacked that is very important to most peoples every day lives today is the technology we have access to on a daily basis. This day in age formal organizations are able to keep records via data bases, as computers and technical devices have been invented. Formal organizations that have to interact with clients, customers and other organizations now have the access to interact via satellite and conference calls as to the past these interactions would have been made face to face with more expenses. As air fare, hotel lodging and the time one would have to invest would be a must and could be rather expensive. Another limitation that these companies faced was the fact that tradition is strong in pre-industrial societies. This meant that their goal was to preserve their cultural systems and not to change them when it came to organizational issues. Many of these reasons have caused past organizations to be inefficient. Formal organizations that practice conventional bureaucracy have many levels of authority with a clear chain of commands. Each level has a title and they have certain expectations they have to uphold for the organization. Each employee has a specific job that they are to perform and a manager or supervisor they will have to report to. These organizations have set standards, rules, policies and regulations that they have follow. These rules and regulations are what kept these organizations some what organized. Relationships within these organizations are very minimal to none. The communications between employees at these types of organizations are usually through an email or a letter of some sort. Bureaucracy is defined as an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Employees work hard to meet and exceed specific goals of their job requirements. They have to report to specific managers or superiors. This is how things were done with little to no change. During the century of the 1900’s you would usually see white males in management or positions with more authority. In this day in age you will find equal amounts of managers both men and women. Now days there are laws that refrain employers and organizations from discriminating on gender and race. As stated before many things have changed, instead of using each employee’s talents individually, organizations use creativity and strengths to see if there is a better way of getting the job done as in previous times things were repetitive wit no creativity. Like the saying something carved in stone. If an employee has a suggestion on how to better the organization and its employees they wi ll usually take into consideration the options. Many organizations are about their employees and the company, not just the company. Organizations want to find workers for the long run, not to just fill a responsibility. They value the opinions of their employees. Not only is organization a top priority so are the employees. This new type of work that many organizations are adapting to is called an open, flexible organization. The open flexible organization has flattened out the bureaucracy pyramid. This gives most of the employees in the organization the same responsibilities and the same rewards. Instead the many different levels, they are on a more even level with each other. With these new modern work environments employees are able to more creative; they are using greater flexibility competitive teams, working together for the same goal. Organizations are now hiring new employees based off ideas they have and the potential to grow with the organization instead of hiring someone for the work they are able to perform. Organizations today want an employee for a lifetime not for the time being. These new ways of our organizations want to invest the their employee, because they know they deserve nothing less. In the past organizations would have specific rules and policies, with the new modern ways of o rganizations they set guidelines for all to follow. Communication has come a long way as well. They tend to hold meetings for all to attend including all employees instead of just the Directors and CEO making decisions and because of this relationship have become primary as in the past they have always been secondary. Not all organizations will be accustomed to the new open, flexible organizations. Telemarketing companies and fast food chains will still remain with the bureaucracy pyramid. There jobs will remain repetitive doing the same things day in and day out. There is not much more creative you can be in making a cheeseburger and fries. They will always have a superior to answer to, trying to make it to the top of the pyramid. In conclusion, all employee and organizations should want to see the same goal in mind. These organization need to have the employee and organization best interest. They have to be able to hear the people and take into consideration the feelings and creative ideas that all have to offer. I personally feel that it will be more black and white. Some organizations will flatten the pyramid and work as a whole and there will be some organizations that continue with the pyramid roles. Nothing should be set in stone. Change is good. Change brings balance. Research Papers on Evolution of Formal OrganizationsThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self Evolution of Formal Organizations Free Online Research Papers In this day and age, everything is changing; from the jobs that we do, to the way that we do them. For centuries we, and our ancestors, have worked in formal organizations that practice bureaucracy. Bureaucratic organizations have been used to complete some of the worlds most major projects. However, times are changing, and so are our work methods. Today, hard work and organization is still appreciated, just in different forms. Back-breaking labor has been replaced with technology and creativity. Traditions of work that have been passed down by generations are no more. Today, the world thinks rationally. Instead of doing what has always been done, we are now finding a more efficient, quicker way to do it. In the past, formal organizations were based on tradition. Workers completed their work in the same fashion as past generations. This caused companies to be inefficient because their work methods were not modern, everything stayed the same and nothing improved. Also, previous organizations lacked technology. There was no such thing as networking, or conference calls. People met face to face, this could be very expensive if clients were in separate countries. There was no way to store and keep information, this also caused companies to be inefficient. Formal organizations usually have set standards for how they run their business. Rules and regulations are key to an organized environment. A bureaucratic organization usually runs in the form of a pyramid. In this format, every person will always have a supervisor to answer to. The few number of supervisors are located at the top of the pyramid, while the employees are located at the bottom. This pyramid gives structure to an organization. Every person has a job, and are expected to carry out the job to its full expectations. Relationships between co-workers are kept to a minimal. This is to minimize emotion and maximize work. The majority of communication is done via e-mail, telephone, or letters. Everything within a bureaucratic organization is clearly defined with no room for interpretation. This ideal definition of a bureaucratic organization has been tried throughout the years. This is the way that work has aways been done. Employees work hard toward their specified goal, and answer to their superiors at the end of the day. However, as stated before, time are changing. In the early 1900s it was not common to hire anyone besides a white male. And in the workplace, every person had his own job that he was responsible for. Today, companies hire men and women of all races. The theory today, is to take advantage of every individuals talents. Also, cooperation amongst all employees is valued. Instead of using each individual for his or her own talent, companies today are putting teams together to come up with the best possible solutions and work methods. Instead of single man labor, we are now practicing group effort. Large businesses are taking advantage of their employees thoughts and ideas. Creativity is becoming just as important as organization. This new work method has come to be called an open, flexible organization. The bureaucratic pyramid has been flattened to put everyone on a more even scale. Creative freedom, competitive work teams, and flexibility are the new standards for the modern work environment. The characteristics of a large organization are now be converted to represent those of a small group. These changes include, instead of every member having a specialized task, the whole group has a common goal in which they are working towards. Instead of specific rules, informal, general guidelines are established. Instead of hiring people for the work that they can do, people are being hired for the ideas that they come up with. Quick e-mails are being replaced by group meetings. Because of the group setting, relationships in the office are becoming primary rather than secondary. People care about what the other has to say, and instead of viewing each other as competitors, they are viewing each other as colleagues. B ecause each person has their own part to add to the group. These new work methods do not apply to everyone. Highly skilled and trained employees are reaping the benefits of a new wave of creative freedom. However, lower level employees are not. They in fact, are actually working harder than ever. The bureaucratic way of work is still in place for them. They continue to have supervisors way above them, while they remain on the bottom. Fast food chains, retail stores, telemarketing are all fields that are growing as well. Unfortunately, selling hamburgers has no room for creative thought. That is why people are still suffering from bureaucratic organizations. In the future, I believe that it will be black and white. On one end, there will be lower class workers doing the dirty work in a conventional bureaucracy. On the other end, there will be the open flexible organizations where workers have creative freedom, and a friendly atmosphere. I believe that the there is a big difference between the two types of jobs. Certain jobs have responsibilities that must be met by a certain deadline. For instance, a stock boy must have a set amount of merchandise stocked on the shelves by a certain time of day. At the end of the day, he must answer to a supervisor to let them know that his goal was accomplished. In this scenario, there is no room for interpretation there is only one way to stock merchandise. However, on the other hand, a systems developer at a computer company may have weeks to meet deadlines. A new system may need to be planned and they have an abundant amount of time to plan the system efficiently, and work in a team to combine ideas . Although this job has a goal and a deadline, there are numerous amounts of ways that the employee can go about solving the problem. The type of work environment, depends on the type of job that is being done. Research Papers on Evolution of Formal OrganizationsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe Evolution of Formal Organizations Free Online Research Papers Over the course of the last 100 years, the overall trend in thinking about organizational form and structure has been toward greater recognition, system complexity, and diversity. While the overall trend in thinking about organizational and management effectiveness has been away from the generic toward the more unique and tailored. Today there are two basic model types that are used for the structure of an organization and the models are: the conventional bureaucracy and the open-flexible organization model. The conventional bureaucracy consists of many levels in its chain of command and all individuals must follow the rules and regulations that govern in this model type. The open-flexible organization has fewer levels of command, and emphasizes that all employees share ideas, apply their creative thoughts, and places the responsibility of failures and success on teams instead of individuals. In my research I will provide simple ideas to help Micah’s organization with change s to a brighter evolution and efficient working environment. For centuries most formal organizations operated under what we call conventional bureaucracy. Conventional bureaucracy is known for its many levels in what we see as the pyramid (Lounsbury Carberry, 2004). Formal organizations that practice conventional bureaucracy have a clear chain of commands with each level having a title that certain expectations have to be upheld for the organization (Lounsbury Carberry, 2004). Each employee has a specific job that they are to perform and a manager or supervisor they have to report to (Lounsbury Carberry, 2004). These organizations have their own set of rules, regulations, and policies that they have to follow (Lounsbury Carberry, 2004). Relationships within these organizations are very minimal to basically none (Lounsbury Carberry, 2004). For centuries one would usually see white males in management or positions with more authority. In this day of age one will find equal amounts of managers being both male and female. There is a law that stops employers and organizations from discriminating on one’s gender or age. The organizations have made major changes that allow creativity and strengths. Many of the organizations today are about their employees and the company, not just the company. Today’s organizations want to hire workers for the long run of employment and not to just fill a responsibility. Not only is organization a top priority so are the employees. Formal organizations are intended for â€Å"special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency† (Schaefer, 2006). These organizations have tremendous power over our economy and in management terms, â€Å"of large-scale operations† (Schaefer, 2006). Formal organizations fill the gap in society enabling them to satisfy our needs. There are several components to the formal organization such as Max Weber’s theory on bureaucracy, â€Å"Bureaucracy that rules and hierarchical ranking† (Schaefer, 2006). This is indicative to â€Å"government, education, and business† (Schaefer, 2006). Characteristics of bureaucracy consist of â€Å"Division of Labor, Hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical Qualifications† (Schaefer, 2006). Whether one deals with bureaucracies or organizations they both play an essential part in our lives. With the change of times many things has evolved in the organizational system (Borghesi Houston, 2007). Years ago organizations were having many issues with job performance and the quality of work (Borghesi Houston, 2007). This caused the managers’ of the organization to have very little input in the way things were being run. The individuals who worked for these organizations were given positions depending on what the key parts of a job were in the organization (Borghesi Houston, 2007). Now a day’s organizations have developed a new team based foundation where the managers are in charge of monitoring the teams’ progress (Borghesi Houston, 2007) . The best manager’s are the ones who take time to listen to their employee’s and consider their input and idea’s. The input and ideas of employee’s is vital to an organization’s productivity. Most organization’s today give their employee’s individual tasks that utilize their talents (Borghesi Houston, 2007). Many formal organizations have worked to make their work environment more flexible because of the changes in time and workers. Modern organizations have strong desires for their employees to share and apply personal thoughts to work assignments. The modern organizations have developed a strategy that involves members of the company to be placed in their competitive work groups. The objective of these work groups is to establish an atmosphere where each team strives to create the best solutions to any company problems. There are sometime incentives given to the team for evaluating and using their critical thinking to come to solutions to solve any obstacles that have overcome in the company. Advancement of today’s technology, formal organizations are increasing the new way to be more efficient and get the job done. For the formal organization that Micah works for to evolve it has several things that should be changed, so the environment and flexibility will change. For starters all employees’ activities should be more of a team based and also equal between all the employees of the team. Their needs to major change in the structure of authority and organize smaller groups to achieve a common goal. Micah’s organization, like any organization that is striving for perfection and increased revenue, will strategically investigate and use methods or trends that are designed to assist with a company’s demands. Most large corporations are always looking to produce more products, and save money by cutting unnecessary spending without affecting the company. As a result of Micah’s organization following the conventional bureaucracy style since day one, it is going to be extremely difficult to change, and any change made is going to need to be done in small increments. Most companies will only make changes structurally if the company has been going through a financial hardship for quite some time. The formal organizations are seeing that the increase productivity of team work, thanks to team work and the diminishment of the one employee per job are gone. Today formal organizations are now becoming less bureaucratic and more flexible. Newer workers enter and take over and as technology, which means that more jobs are becoming less dependent on manual labor and more dependent on technology. Formal organizations have CEO instead of numerous managers and few senior managers and other employees are put into teams and work towards one specific goal. Life is about changes no matter where things have to start or end. Research Papers on Evolution of Formal OrganizationsResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Present Progressive vs. Present Participle Verb Forms

Present Progressive vs. Present Participle Verb Forms Though both end in -ing, the present participle form of a verb isnt the same as the present progressive aspect. These terms can be a little confusing, but the verb forms themselves should be familiar: we use them all the time in speaking and writing. What They Are What is a present participle?The present participle is a verb form (made by adding -ing to the base) that can do the job of an adjective: Carl signed up for the singing competition.  (Note that singing modifies the noun competition.)   But wait,  as the infomercials say:  theres more that it can do! What is the present progressive aspect?The present progressive aspect is a  verb  construction made up of a present form of the verb  to be  plus  . . . a  present participle: Carl is singing his heart out.  (Note that the present tense is signaled by is, not by the participle singing.)  The progressive  usually conveys a sense of ongoing action (and is sometimes called the present continuous). What They Do A present participle by itself cant serve as the main verb of a sentence. For instance, Sadie, tapping her cane to the music is incomplete. In this example, tapping begins a present participial phrase that tells us something about the noun Sadie. One way to make this word group into a sentence is by adding a subject  (I) and a predicate  (remember): I remember Sadie, tapping her cane to the music.  But theres another way to turn this fragment into a complete sentence. A verb in the present progressive aspect may itself serve as the predicate of a sentence: Sadie is tapping her cane to the music. As weve seen, the present progressive is used for continuing activities- that is, for actions taking place at the moment of speaking and for actions that go on for a short period of time. A Quick Review We could easily have a sentence that contains both a present participial phrase (tapping her cane to the music) and a main verb in the present progressive (is singing): Tapping her cane to the music, Sadie is singing loudly and out of key. In this sentence, tapping is a present participle (unaccompanied by a form of the verb to be) while is singing (a form of the verb to be plus a present participle) serves as the main verb in the present progressive aspect. A Little Practice For each of the sentences below, decide if the -ing word is simply a present participle serving as an adjective or part of a present progressive construction. Youll find the answers at the end of the exercise. The clown is crying.The children laugh at the crying clown.A flying squirrel landed on the porch rail.Stray dogs are barking tonight, and the Rowland boy is lighting firecrackers.Our neighbors barking dog keeps us awake at night.  The Hendersons are moving to the mountains of Washington state.Happiness, Kinky said, is a moving target: were not happy until youre not happy. Answers: 1. present progressive (is crying); 2. present participle (crying clown); 3. present participle (flying squirrel); 4. present progressive (are barking and is lighting); 5. present participle (barking dog); 6. present progressive (are moving); 7. present participle (moving target)

Hunger Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hunger - Assignment Example However, despite these efforts there is still proving not be enough food to feed everyone who is in need. The article, â€Å"How to Feed Nine Billion,† by Evan Fraser and Andrew Rimas, discusses how the horrible drought in Africa in 1992 had the potential to be incredibly devastating. However, although the drought was not good, the farmers in the effected regions were able to survive the drought because these farmers had already procured genetically modified seeds that were designed to survive these sorts of dry conditions and continue to thrive This is why, the African drought of 1992 is referred to as the â€Å"drought that never was† (Fraser & Rimas , 2012) However, just because these farmers were able to withstand this drought does not resolve the issues of hunger in Africa or worldwide. The authors are adamant that between the 2050 and 2080 we will be essentially in need of more food than we will be able to produce to meet the growth in population that will exist a t that point. Finding means to develop an implementable plan, a sustainable solution, and an agreeable means to making it happen is no easy feat. Discussion The authors make strong points highlighting the details of hunger in the world and discussing the contributing factors and potential means of improving the situation. The idea of just sending other countries what they need to survive is admirable but essentially just a Band-Aid on a much more serious wound. Besides it has been established that the United States is not yielding the large crops they once did. We, ourselves, may, in the not too distant future, be unable to provide for ourselves. The authors, also, in this case, make quite a point to support the use of genetically altered seeds; if not for them the African drought may not have fared so well for the people. Issues However, GMO crops and food products are a very sensitive subject, here in the United States, as well as all over the world. Although GM seeds are modified only enough to allow them to grow in unlikely environments and to defend themselves from pesticides and insects that can compromise the crops yield, it does not automatically make the growing or consuming of these food items or the foods produced from them dangerous or unhealthy The fact that 80% of the foods are or contain elements of genetic modification, is frightening to many people and has caused a great deal of distrust towards the whole concept of genetically modified foods. In Haiti a gift of modified seeds was sent to aid the hunger issues in the country, several Haitians set fire to the building where the seeds were kept, because they did not want the modified seeds (Catsoulis, 2013). However the ethical, moral, social, and, potentially, legal issues associated with GMO foods, production and labeling, is an issue that will not be easily settled. The question that this article does raise that deserves to be addressed is how can a developed country, like the United States a nd underdeveloped countries both be suffering from hunger, when one has so much and the other so little. According to experts, it is a misconception that hunger stems from lands with little to offer. In truth, it is countries with surpluses of food that seem to reveal issues with hunger. According to the United Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAO, it is the countries, like the United States, that produce one and half times the amount of food needed to provide for everyone, yet 1 in 7 continue to go hungry (Green Peace, 2013) Why does this happen? Money is the answer. When food is plentiful, one still needs money to purchase the foods; the poor automatically go without. For now the issue involving hunger in the U.S. is related to money but, as stated earlier, that may

Electronic Communications Privacy Act - Advantages from an Employer Research Paper

Electronic Communications Privacy Act - Advantages from an Employer and Employee Perspective - Research Paper Example Therefore, in the below sections, the various aspects of the act responsible for the present situation, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986 and its benefits on both the employee and the employer are discussed. Background The ECPA is an up gradation of a previous act to control crime through monitoring activities. It is an evolution of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The quick growth of the electronics industry meant that there was also a rapid increase in the modes of communication. While the earlier Act of 1968 catered to telephone and other modes of traditional communication, the newer channels of communication were not covered. Moreover, despite the intense debate surrounding the ECPA act on privacy, one of the main clauses of the act has to do with restricting third parties from intercepting communication. However, the act provides exceptions to employers under two conditions, namely, during the ordinary course of business and through the employee's consent. Despite the broad nature of the Act, it has special implications for the business sector since it affects factors such as IP (Intellectual Property), productivity, employee morale, etc. The Act of 1986 legitimized control by employers over the methods that they were already using since businesses came to depend on computers. For example, during the Regan era, the accepted view was that business must be allowed to choose its own course with respect to employee monitoring (Sipior & Ward, 1995, 50). Current Technology As mentioned in the earlier section, the ECPA act is an evolution of the Omnibus Act of 1968. Although businesses still have a great degree of control over rights to monitor employee activity, the ECPA act has resulted in a number of issues that need to be resolved such as deciding on the optimal degree of control, establishing control structures based on the work cultures of various countries, etc. Firstly, the ECPA was upgraded mainly due to the increase in the modes of electronic communication, especially information transfer through email and more recently social networking sites such as Facebook, etc. The invention of the transistor in the 1950s led to rapid development of computer hardware eventually resulting in a system that resembles the one we use today, that is, the desktop computer. However, the corresponding software namely the operating systems required for the advanced hardware was developed only a few decades later which made widespread use of the personal computer possible. However, the ease with which communication was now possible meant that employees had a greater amount of responsibility in using company infrastructure. Employers resorted to the same degree of control that they had used in the past with respect to voice calls and oral communication. However, the nature of the new technology meant that a great deal of an employee's job was based on using the computer and the internet. Monitoring all comput er and email activity has meant that employers were virtually tracking every minute spent by the employee within the office premises. In addition, the adoption of new technology has also made the task of monitoring much easier than before through the use of automated tracking systems, etc. New systems such as CCTVs have also helped companies monitor employee behavior. This has naturally resulted in a greater degree of

What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated Essay Example for Free

What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated Essay What it is that constitutes a well-educated person is a much-debated topic. The answer to this question has got to be more than simply the amount of time that a person has spent gaining knowledge. What use is that knowledge is the person is not able to use and apply it to their everyday lives? By looking at and defining certain terms we can come to a conclusion that people who exemplify the title of being well educate are able to show some level of success in the area of their learned knowledge. There are people that have had little formal education that could be considered well-educated, while there are others who have had extensive formal education who wouldn’t be able to carry that title. A person who is considered well educated shouldn’t be able to hold that title just because they have attended a large amount of schooling. Education should be near to the heart of every person on the face of the planet. Without education of some level we’d still be hunting caribou with spears and beating two rocks together and hoping to get a spark for a fire. But the question, though, isn’t â€Å"is education important†, but rather â€Å"what constitutes a well-educated person? † This is a highly discussed topic. But I believe the answer to it is quite clear. A well-educated person is someone who can be successful in real life application of what he/she has been taught. The dictionary defines well educated as being highly educated or having extensive information or understanding. (thefreedictionary, 2012. ) It would be presumptuous to claim to be more intelligent than a dictionary, but I disagree with this definition. The key to accurately defining this term is correctly understanding one word, well. In going back to the dictionary we see that the word well is translated as meaning satisfactory. (thefreedictionary, 2012. ) We have to say that the appropriate question then is not what is well-educated person, but does this person have satisfactory education. So how do we know is a person has a satisfactory education? It has got to be more than just the amount of education or information that the given person has received. Just because a person has been in a higher education course for 10 years doesn’t mean that when a task comes up the person proves to be satisfactorily educated. Well-educated means a person has a quality education and not just a quantity of education. Two close friends of mine prove this point. Bobby is an incredible seventy-five year old man in who much is to be respected. At first glance you wouldn’t know it, but his â€Å"proper† education level only reaches the eighth grade. He was forced to drop out of school to help provide for his struggling family as a teenager. He is one of the most well respected and honored leaders in our community. Through a series of events he started a company that was very successful. His net worth is over five million dollars. Bobby’s wisdom and knowledge would take a college degree to even begin to dissect. On the other hand I have a friend named Anthony. Anthony is in his thirties and is really an incredible person. He has committed much of his life to furthering his education and now has two masters’ degrees. If Anthony were to write you a letter you wouldn’t even recognize half the words because he is such a bad speller. Also, he often seeks the guidance of others in his job because he lacks confidence to do it well in spite of his vast education. There, then, is a big difference in the definitions of the words well education and highly educated. If being well educated is more than just a great amount of knowledge given to a person, what are the signs of a well educated person? The first indicator that a person is well-educated is that they have learned how to learn. Anyone can be force feed an immense amount of information, but what really makes someone successful is being able to be a life long learner. Douglas Everett said, â€Å"A mark of a well educated person is not necessarily in knowing all of the answers, but knowing where to find them†. This describes a person who doesn’t just know stuff, but instead knows how to learn and the process it takes to do so. Another way to gauge if someone is well educated is by looking at their competency in the area of their education. It is different to be able pass a written exam on a subject and to truly understand how to apply what is that has been taught to the real world. The term well educated alludes to competency while highly educated refers to the amount of education given regardless of the retention or pplication of that knowledge. If you don’t understand what it takes to use what has been learned, then the time spent gaining the knowledge was to no avail. The last thing that for me that exemplifies a well-educated person is by looking at their level of success in their area of study. It doesn’t matter how much you know if what you know isn’t useful to make you successful. This brings the last point to a higher level. It says that you are not just competent in your understanding of a subject but you are successfully implementing that in your life. What’s the point of education if it doesn’t help us succeed in life and how can we be considered well educated if that knowledge isn’t breeding that success? If this definition of well education were adopted, would that have to change the way that students are being taught? Students need to be taught by first looking through the filter of this definition. Are these students learning the art of learning? Do these students really grasp what is being taught? Do students understand what it takes to make this principal successful in real life applications? When answering these questions, I believe it’s safe to say that most high school graduates aren’t well educated, but have rather had a lot of information given to them over a long span in a â€Å"career† of education. The key is finding the way to bring students from just â€Å"knowing facts† to being well education and successfully performing tasks that reflect that. For me, the best was to learn something well is by doing while learning. The term for this style of learning is experiential learning. But that’s just it, it takes looking at the individual student and teaching to his/her learning style and that’s not going to look the same every time. So what really is it to be well educated? In order to have a satisfactory education you must be able to perform successfully in the areas that you have been taught, if you cannot, then the time and effort put into learning was of no use. Even in stating that, I agree with Alfie Kohn in his article â€Å"What does it mean to be well educated† (2003) when he states that its really more important to figure out the qualities of a school that gives a good education instead of debating what it is to be well educated.

Franklin Roosevelt :: essays research papers

Franklin Roosevelt was 32nd president of the US 1933-45, a Democrat. He served as governor of New York 1929-33. Becoming president during the Great Depression, he launched the New Deal economic and social reform program, which made him popular with the people. After the outbreak of World War II he introduced lend-lease for the supply of war materials and services to the Allies and drew up the Atlantic Charter of solidarity. Once the US had entered the war 1941, he spent much time in meetings with Allied leaders. Born in Hyde Park, New York, of a wealthy family, Roosevelt was educated in Europe and at Harvard and Columbia universities, and became a lawyer. In 1910 he was elected to the New York state senate. He held the assistant secretaryship of the navy in Wilson’s administrations 1913-21, and did much to increase the efficiency of the navy during World War I. He suffered from polio from 1921 but returned to politics, winning the governorship of New York State in 1929. When he first became president 1933, Roosevelt inculcated a new spirit of hope by his skillful "fireside chats" on the radio and his inaugural-address statement: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Surrounding himself by a "Brain Trust" of experts, he immediately launched his reform program. Banks were reopened, federal credit was restored, the gold standard was abandoned, and the dollar devalued. During the first hundred days of his administration, major legislation to fac ilitate industrial and agricultural recovery was enacted. In 1935 he introduced the Utilities Act, directed against abuses in the large holding companies, and the Social Security Act, providing for disability and retirement insurance. The presidential election 1936 was won entirely on the record of the New Deal. During 1935-36 Roosevelt was involved in a conflict over the composition of the Supreme Court, following its nullification of major New Deal measures as unconstitutional. In 1938 he introduced measures for farm relief and the improvement of working conditions. . In spite of strong isolationist opposition, he broke a long-standing precedent in running for a third term; he was reelected 1940. Franklin Roosevelt was a well like man by almost all of the country. He was even considered by many as a god. Much of this was in his charisma that he had, but he also surrounded himself with bright, intelligent people. Here is a listing of the members of the cabinet who were under Roosevelt: Franklin Roosevelt :: essays research papers Franklin Roosevelt was 32nd president of the US 1933-45, a Democrat. He served as governor of New York 1929-33. Becoming president during the Great Depression, he launched the New Deal economic and social reform program, which made him popular with the people. After the outbreak of World War II he introduced lend-lease for the supply of war materials and services to the Allies and drew up the Atlantic Charter of solidarity. Once the US had entered the war 1941, he spent much time in meetings with Allied leaders. Born in Hyde Park, New York, of a wealthy family, Roosevelt was educated in Europe and at Harvard and Columbia universities, and became a lawyer. In 1910 he was elected to the New York state senate. He held the assistant secretaryship of the navy in Wilson’s administrations 1913-21, and did much to increase the efficiency of the navy during World War I. He suffered from polio from 1921 but returned to politics, winning the governorship of New York State in 1929. When he first became president 1933, Roosevelt inculcated a new spirit of hope by his skillful "fireside chats" on the radio and his inaugural-address statement: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Surrounding himself by a "Brain Trust" of experts, he immediately launched his reform program. Banks were reopened, federal credit was restored, the gold standard was abandoned, and the dollar devalued. During the first hundred days of his administration, major legislation to fac ilitate industrial and agricultural recovery was enacted. In 1935 he introduced the Utilities Act, directed against abuses in the large holding companies, and the Social Security Act, providing for disability and retirement insurance. The presidential election 1936 was won entirely on the record of the New Deal. During 1935-36 Roosevelt was involved in a conflict over the composition of the Supreme Court, following its nullification of major New Deal measures as unconstitutional. In 1938 he introduced measures for farm relief and the improvement of working conditions. . In spite of strong isolationist opposition, he broke a long-standing precedent in running for a third term; he was reelected 1940. Franklin Roosevelt was a well like man by almost all of the country. He was even considered by many as a god. Much of this was in his charisma that he had, but he also surrounded himself with bright, intelligent people. Here is a listing of the members of the cabinet who were under Roosevelt:

The Role Of Intellectuals In The Rise Of Marxism History Essay

Marxism refers to the socio-political and economic universe position which proposes socialism as a political political orientation to transform society into a better entity. The conceivers of Marxism were Karl Marx together with Friedrich Engels who lived in Britain but had originally migrated from Germany. Basically Marxism interprets society materialistically adopting the thought that societal alteration is driven by category battles where different categories compete to acquire better conditions. Karl Marx and Engels argued that capitalist economy has resulted in subjugation of the lower category that form the bulk in society and does non have belongings by the middle class or the rich. This paper discuses how intellectuals helped in the rise of Marxism and concludes that they were the driving force in its rise. Marxism idea has had a profound influence on intellectuals while intellectuals have contributed a batch to this idea. Many academicians in a broad scope of subjects have adopted the historical apprehension of society espoused by Marxism including political scientists, economic expert, philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, historiographers and a host of many other intellectuals. The period that saw the most important application of Marx idea in societies around the universe was the twentieth century where intellectuals of note advanced the Marxist thought to pervade through political, economic and societal domains of life ( Curtis, 1997 ) . Marxist idea developed into a powerful political and societal motion with Marxist authoritiess taking over power in many states in the universe.Intellectuals and the Rise of MarxismAn rational can be referred to as anybody who employs intelligence-which is fundamentally thought and reason-in a critical and analytical mode at the professional o r personal capacity. Intellectuals advancing the Marxist construct have chiefly dealt with theories and learned thoughts based on the original Marxist theory to develop their ain version of societal alteration effort that has had a large consequence on the rise of Marxism ( Bottomore, 1991 ) . Intellectuals have over clip been interested in Marxism although sometimes with really different positions. Notably, intellectuals have influenced Marxism by virtuousness of the facts that they come from categories within society, they aid in construing constructs and suiting them to specific state of affairss and besides, they are potentially leaders by virtuousness of their apprehension of society and its challenges and chances. Largely, intellectuals have been linked with political orientations and those concerned with Marxism have had a profound impact on the political and societal developments of assorted states in the twentieth century. The Russian revolution in 1917 led to the constitution of the individual most powerful state tally based on Marxist political orientation. The Soviet Union was founded in the twelvemonth 1922 with several leaders of note like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky being important Marxist theoreticians. Theoretical tendencies like Stalinism, Trotskyism and Marxism-Leninism were branchs of Marxism. In add-on to that, the civil war of China resulted in the people & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s democracy of China in 1949 with Mao Zedong, the first leader developing the theoretical Maoism. A figure of states including, Cuba, Nepal, North Korea and Venezuela have besides followed in these lines with leaders who adopted Marxist doctrine set uping Marxist leadings. All these leaders brought around socialist reforms in their states. To get down with, possibly the most of import intellectuals who promoted Marxism were the conceivers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It is worthy observing that Marxism has taken many dimensions in the class of clip with different theoreticians coming up with their ain versions. This wider position of Marxism can be contrasted to classical Marxism which is what the original minds Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put frontward as their idea ( Curtis, 1997 ) . Karl Marx was a philosopher and political economic expert who besides became a noteworthy socialist revolutionist. His most noteworthy plants were turn toing issues of development and disaffection of the working category in capitalist economy and besides in developing the Theory of Historical Materialism. Marx analyzed history of worlds history based on category battles and produced the Communist Manifesto together with Friedrich Engels, the most of import of their work. His original thoughts proved really influential at the clip and subsequently particularly after the industrial revolution increased the wealth of states which was acquired by a few persons who oppressed the remainder of society. Marx thesis was ; the history of society has ever been the history of category battles. Following this statements, Marx called for societal alteration where he urged the exploited working category to lift up against the opinion category and the wealthy so as to accomplish a just distribution of resources ( Krygier, 1994 ) . As already stated, Friedrich Engels was an confederate of Marx and the carbon monoxide writer of the Communist pronunciamento and the Communist theory. Engels was a political philosopher who alongside Marx was deported from several states in Europe due to his political and societal positions. For case, after the publication of the Communist pronunciamento in 1848, both Marx and Engels had to travel to Cologne after Belgium threw them out. The two wrote several other plants and published politically extremist newspapers advancing the Communist ideals that they held. Notably, although the two came up with a new and independent idea, they were greatly influenced by former minds and philosophers. Karl Marx drew his influences from classical Germany doctrine, early Gallic socialism and besides from classical British economic sciences ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Gallic socialists saw capitalist economy as advancing a bad societal organisation, that of private belongings rights and hence capitalist economy. They blamed it for working category poorness, income inequality, kid labour, unemployment and many of the societal jobs. These thoughts were held by Marx as true ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Philosophers from Germany like Hegel, Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Feuerbach besides influenced Marx thought a batch. Hegel for illustration tried to explicate a Social Change Theory stating that human history has been shaped by alterations in the societal construction coming from within the societal system. Marx besides developed his Theory of Historical Materialism based on this basic thought ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Furthermore, Marx borrowed from the British economic expert David Ricardo the Labor Theory of Value. The theory fundamentally espoused that any trade good & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s value can be equated to the figure of hours needed to bring forth it. To Karl Marx excessively, the working category were being exploited when the capitalist took the far greater excess and paid workers meagre rewards.Significant Modern TheoristsAssorted other intellectuals built upon the Marxist theory and came up with discrepancies that drove political and societal alteration in societies across the universe. One of these discrepancies and possibly the most noteworthy in footings of followings and impact is Marxism-Leninism. Besides known as Collectivism or as many like to mention to it, communism, it had its ideological beginnings from Vladimir Lenin and other Russian intellectuals parts to Marx idea. As a immature adult male, Lenin was involved in practising jurisprudence before acquiring into political relations where he did radical propaganda. He was arrested and jailed for some months before being sent to expatriate in Siberia where he published many theoretical plants ( Read, 2005 ) . Lenin subsequently became the leader of a split Social Democratic Labor Party which sought to subvert the Tsarist government. The split was occasioned by the differing ideological positions about the most suited manner of conveying societal alteration to Russia with Lenin staying with the Bolshevik cabal that finally took power ( Read, 2005. Basically, what Lenin and fellow intellectuals did was usage assorted agencies to distribute Marxist political orientations to the in-between category in Russia so as to make possible for a revolution by beat uping the working category and other lower categories against the opinion category. This work is what eventually led to the revolution of 1917 in Russia that introduced Marxist political orientation into the political and societal landscape of Russia widely referred to as communism ( Read, 2005 ) . Lenin introduced a socialist system of administration in Russia that replaced the absolute regulation of the Tsars. As a organic structure of idea, Marxism-Leninism was later closely identified with Joseph Stalin as its figure caput when Lenin died. Over clip nevertheless, there were ideological developments within the same political orientation of Marxism-Leninism that creped up within Russia itself. These schools of idea continued to act upon the pattern of socialism in Russia and its orbiters for a long clip therefore keeping Marxism together. Some of the major goings from the original Marxist-Leninism were the denouncing of the cult of personality that had developed around Stalin by Nikita Khrushchev and the dogma that category struggles go on even under socialism. Marxism political orientations continued playing a large portion of Russia & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s personal businesss up to the decennary of 1990s. The long being of the Marxist pattern was enabled by the being of communist party members who continued advancing Marxist political orientations even exporting it to other states apa rt from the USSR during the cold war epoch. Intellectuals back uping Marxism would acquire educated in communist states and travel back place to form revolutions. Chinese pupils were exposed to western socialism largely in Japan which was comparatively developed at the clip. The degree of rational involvement in Marxism amongst the Chinese was reasonably low in early twentieth century but changed when Russia managed the Bolshevik revolution and besides when the May Fourth Movement occurred in China. Harmonizing to Daniels ( 1987 ) , the East particularly China was non attracted to communism by Marxian analysis of history as subjugation of the lower category by the rich and powerful. Communism appealed to intellectuals of the East as a new subject and manner of life that would set their state in a better place to industrialise and derive national power to be able to vie with other states of the West which were good in front in footings of development. It really presented them with a manner of occidentalizing without really copying the West. Bing chiefly an agricultural economic system, Chinese Marxist intellectuals used the peasantry to advance their aspirations for a revolution by mentioning to it as the radical category. The sheer Numberss of the peasantry made it possible for the Chinese Marxists to prevail. The communist motion in China was really much divorced from workers in the old ages prior to the Communists presuming power. It was fundamentally used as an look of intellectuals who were extremist minded. Mao Tse-tung was the one intellectual who pushed for a engagement of the provincials to assist convey about a revolution ( Daniels, 1987 ) . The communist motion in China was therefore headed by intellectuals who followed the Marxian political orientation that the working and lower category must unify and lift up against the opinion category so as to convey societal alteration. Intellectuals saw this as an chance to utilize the people non merely to convey the much needed societal alteration but besides come up with political alterations with them at the helm. In China, there existed many approaching intellectuals who holding been schooled in western instruction started to dispute traditional Chinese doctrine and faulting it for the jobs in China at the clip. Knight ( 2005 ) says the most noteworthy intellectuals who promoted Marxist political orientations included Mao Zedong, Qu Quibai, Ai Siqi and Li Dazhao. The four and others were basically revolutionists who used doctrine to acquire a better apprehension of the universe and a manner of rushing up alteration in the state. Marxism and the political orientations expressed in it were new to Chinas cultural agreements because the positions developed outside China. However, Marxism as already noted, was found to be appealing by the Chinese intellectuals because of the possible benefits of altering the Chinese society and delivery development in the state. Mao Zedong was peculiarly influential in advancing communism in China and initiated many efforts at cultural alterations in the state which involved a batch of grassroots mobilisations that built on Marxist ideological entreaty. The cult of Mao created by Mao Zedong and his close associates was besides of import in fostering the dogmas of Marxism and therefore steadfastly set uping communist leading.An Analysis of Marxism entreaty to IntellectualsNovack ( 1935 ) argues that the clerisy of any society do non do up a category and make non by any agencies stand above the categories. Intellectuals are a group which is made up of members who are consciously or unconsciously pressed into functioning all categories. This group is really heterogenous due to the fact that it is drawn from different categories. They have different commitments, societal beginnings and aspirations. Thus the map of intellectuals is to joint issues and political orientations for the benefit of all members and cate gories of society. Although the intellectuals have ever held a better place in society ( most come from the in-between category ) than the lower category which is down trodden, Marxism held a great entreaty to both of these groups. Again, holding no other theory to explicate the history of human dealingss, Marxism seemed logical plenty and still does to intellects ( Perry et al, 2009 ) . As Karl Marx himself observed, the rational are in a better place to rule others in the societal agreement by virtuousness of their cognition and ability ( Rockmore, 2002 ) . The intellectuals hence saw an chance in socialism where they could take the bulk of people to arise against the opinion category and therefore set up better conditions for all. This entreaty was so great and is what led intellectuals to mobilise the working categories and the hapless to lift against the swayers. By distributing these thoughts, the intellectuals played the greatest portion in the rise of Marxism and its outcrops in many states around the universe. Intelligibly, Marxism is an ideological motion with really extremist propositions but one that had non been tried before. To intellectuals, the statement in this political orientation was logical and straightforward and given the many jobs afflicting many societies in the universe, intellectuals saw Marxism as the greatest hope for humanity.DecisionMarxism has held a great ideological entreaty to non lone intellectuals but besides the disadvantaged in society. Although its application proved a failure in the twentieth century with the diminution of communist governments, the political orientation continues to hold great entreaty to intellectuals across the universe. The work of intellectuals being the critical and originative analysis of ideological concepts, it has been instrumental in act uponing societies to follow Marxism and convey societal alteration. Intellectuals have promoted Marxism by coming up with thoughts about socialist society and suiting them to the peculiar contexts from which they come from. Besides, intellectuals have been instrumental in existent mobilisation of the hapless and working category to convey about revolutions across the universe. Notably, it is intellectuals who rose to the helm of political leading of the Communist regimes that came up during the twentieth century. In this manner, they were able to advance the rise of Marxism around the universe.

Ethics on Smoking Industry

INTRODUCTION: Ethics occupy an important place in today’s modern business world. Every organization makes use of ethics to make day-today decisions and fulfill societal expectations. This essay brings to light ethical and social responsibility that every individual and company should follow in order to become better citizens for society. Essay presents analysis based on real case of Philip Morris, a tobacco company in U. S. A versus Mayola – a widow, who took legal action against company for her husband’s death due to smoking. Essay draws balanced argument based on evidences about unethical behavior of tobacco company and smokers personal responsibilities for their actions. We have used Ethical decision-making model of Lagenderfer and Rockness to frame our analysis. ETHICS & BUSINESS Ethics in simple terms means set of moral principles or list of rules, which can determine whether particular action undertaken is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. All the activities undertaken by society are based on ethics. Ethics can be personal as well as professional. Personal ethics are based on individual’s values, beliefs, attitudes and actions while business ethics are based on certain principles or code of conduct to guide individual or a group in accordance with societal expectations. Business ethics can be defined as â€Å"study of business situations, activities and decisions where issues of right or wrong are addressed†(Crane, A& Matten ,D, 2007,P. 5). Thus, ethics helps in making decision and is a key for solving problems. Today, society is facing considerable increase in number of ethical issues such as fraud, exploitation, misleading advertisement and increasing pollution. Birt, Chalmers, Beal, Brooks, Byrne, Oliver, 2008, P. 65). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY It is essential for every organization to undertake corporate social responsibility along with its goals and objectives. According to (Birt et al. , 2008, p. 70) Corporate social responsibility can be referred to responsibility that an entity has to all its stakeh olders, including society in general and physical environment in which it operates. There are many companies, which lack sense of corporate social responsibility and acts against interest of society. RELEVANT FACTS DETERMINED UNDER CASE: Today, business is giving rise to numerous ethical issues, as many companies are involved in exploiting its customers, selling harmful products in markets, false marketing of products and increasing environmental and health issues. Many tobacco companies like Phillip Morris are selling harmful and addictive products like cigarettes that cause serious diseases like lung cancer and heart attack. Analysis of Phillip Morris v. Mayola, Williams case brings down certain relevant facts that give rise to ethical issues. Mayola took a legal action on Philip Morris on the grounds of false and misleading advertisement and marketing undertaken by company for its products. It is fact that Philip Morris knew that tobacco was harmful for health still he advertised his product as non-addictive and safe and Williams death was caused by smoking. Second, fact is that Philip Morris appealed solely against damages that company had to pay to other smokers who did not bring any actions against court. Their appeal was only based on excessive damages that company was supposed to pay to strangers. This clearly indicates that he is very well aware of harms caused by his cigarettes to smokers and did not appeal on the grounds that his products were safe and less addictive. It is also relevant fact that Supreme Court made decision in favor of Philip Morris that company is not liable to pay excessive damages to Ms Williams on the grounds that damages were proper under Oregon statute but was excessive under federal constitution (BBC article, 20 Feb, 2007). This indicates that ethical laws are still complex and not clearly stated under constitution. ETHICAL DILEMMAS FOR BOTH SMOKERS AND COMPANY: Ethical dilemma arises when there is a situation with conflict of interest. We have built certain arguments based on ethical dilemmas from perspective of both smoker and company. We have constructed evidence-based arguments on unethical behavior by Philip Morris Company, which includes major ethical issues, such are selling harmful products, misleading and false advertisement, acting against societal expectations and caring out unethical business practice. Company is involved in producing and selling harmful tobacco products that contains high amount of nicotine, are addictive, and can cause serious health issues such as lung cancer and heart attack. Company acts unethically by encouraging people to smoke and their conflict of interest with societal ethical standards and expectations. According to (Janine and Ruth, 2008) company prevents old smokers from quitting and targets young people and children. Company adopts new and innovative marketing approaches to promote its products like direct mail advertising and sending coupons with discounts. Low tar† cigarettes were developed in response to the health concerns of older smokers in 1970, but experts found them no advantageous to health and did not help smokers to quit. Company lacks in corporate social responsibility as they perform activities that are against interest of society in general and physical environment in which it operates. Company undertakes massive fraud by acting d ishonestly having financial motive in mind. Company is involved in false advertisement indicating their products to be less addictive, more filtered and safe. According to ( Rosner, 2006, P. 193-196) company tries to create illusion by sponsoring cigarette cessation programmes and try to make society believe that they act in ethical way, but their real motive behind it is to promote company’s goal of selling cigarettes and meet their financial interests . Their misleading marketing activities makes lots of people to go for smoking. Philip Morris promised to shut down instantly if their cigarettes were found to be harmful but has failed to keep its promise, which gives rise to ethical dilemma. According to (David & Silva, 2004, p. 9-22) Company uses their political and economic influence to create an environment that encourages continued consumption of cigarettes. Company is accused of political lobbying. They lobby legislators and officials in finance ministry in order to keep tobacco prices low and thus encouraging people to smoke. Philip Morris was after minimizing total tax burden on cigarettes in order to keep smoking affordable . Article in Ethical Corporation magazine (2004) states that company declares itself responsible and argues that there is increasing demand for cigarettes by customers and if they stop selling it, someone else will take their position. Company tried to safeguard themselves on the grounds that they are selling legal products, which are not banned by government and are acting in ethical way by warning its customers against dangers associated with smoking. Thus, company gives rise to ethical dilemmas as it has an intension to make huge profits by selling harmful products that are responsible for death of millions of people and still trying to gain creditability as responsible company. From perspective of smokers in general, they give rise to ethical issues by consuming harmful products that are not ethically accepted by society and do not take warnings given by companies and government seriously. It is unethical to blame companies solely responsible for damages caused to them and bring their own actions against company. Their behavior can give rise to ethical dilemmas as their actions have a deep impact on their children and makes smoking more desirable for their kids in future. They also lack in personal and social responsibility by giving rise to health issues and environmental concerns for society in general. CONCLUSION: Thus, we conclude that tobacco is one the world’s greatest preventable health problems. According to our analysis, we came to a balanced conclusion that smokers should take responsibility for their actions and companies should behave ethically by making its customers fully aware about the dangers of smoking. It is very essential to undertake combined ethical and social responsibility by both smokers and tobacco companies to avoid millions of deaths due to smoking and to act in favor of societal expectations. Tobacco companies should stop giving misleading advertisement and marketing activities, which indicates their products to be safe and less addictive. They should stop encouraging consumption of tobacco among young and old and should ban children from its consumption. It is the responsibility of companies to support smoking cessation programs and help smokers to quit not just for sake of creating illusion but also to act in favor of societies interest in general and to build better image in society. Company should change their unethical business practices of creating massive fraud to fulfill its financial motive and provide support to government activities that help smokers to quit. Smokers should follow their personal ethics and should take responsibility for smoking. They should take warnings given by tobacco companies and government to quit smoking seriously. They can search on internet for more information or consult doctor to improve heir knowledge about serious health issues caused by smoking. Smokers should not escape from their personal and social responsibilities towards society and their families. It is unethical to bring their own action against company and solely blame company for health issues caused by smoking. It is moral duty and responsibility of every citizen to bear risk associated with their actions. It is responsibility of government to take care of its citizens and find solutions for their health relating issues. We believe that Political parties should not accept any funds from Tobacco Company for their campaign and government should ban any kind of commercial ads for cigarettes in magazine, newspapers or on television. Government should support smoking cessation programs and quitting and should be alert if tobacco company provides any support as they may mislead government by doing indirect advertising for their products. We recommend that there should be strict tobacco control strategy that restricts consumption of all tobacco products. Thus we conclude that it is ethical, moral and social responsibility for smokers, tobacco companies and government to stop consumption and selling of harmful products for betterment of society and environmental concerns. REFERANCE )Birt, J. ,Chalmers, K. ,Beal, D. , Brooks, A. , Byrne, S. , & Oliver, J. (2008). Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making. (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons: Milton, Old. 2)Crane, A. , Matten, D. (2007). Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship & Sustainability in Age of Globalization. (2ND ed). Oxford University Press: New York. 3)David, A. , Silva,V. ( 2004). Building Blocks for Tobacco Control: a handbook tools for advancin g tobacco control in xxist century. Publisher World Health Organization: Geneva 4)Rosner, F. (2006). Contemporary Biomedical Ethical Issues and Jewish Laws. KTAV Publishing House: New Jersey 5)Janine, C. , & Ruth, M. (2008). False Promises: Journal of American Geriatrics, 56(9), p1716-1723, 8p, 1 chart retrieved on 5/ 09/2009 from Academic Search Premier Database. 6)Tobacco firm wins payout appeal: BBC news article https://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/6379767. stm retrieved on 6/9/2009. 7)Philip Morris executive declares his company ‘Responsible’: Article from Ethical Corporation Magazine: http://www. ethicalcorp. com/content. asp? ContentID=2345 retrieved on 8/09/2009.

Suicide Note Essays - Suicide Note, Free Essays, Term Papers

Suicide Note Essays - Suicide Note, Free Essays, Term Papers Suicide Note Contemplation The poem, "Suicide Note," by Janice Mirikitani, depicts an Asian-American female college student who committed suicide by jumping out of her dormitory window. Her last words, thoughts, and feelings were left behind in a suicide note, describing why this had to happen. This was a tragic accident that should not have happened, in fact, it should have been prevented. What drove this college student to kill herself? Was it her fault, or was she pushed so far that it became too much for here to take? It is revealed throughout this suicide note the many reasons why she decided to end her life. The suicide note begins with the phrases, "not good enough," "not pretty enough," and "not smart enough" (3). These phrases are repeated over and over again, to prove to the reader that she was never appreciated or complemented for what she had to offer. No one had ever brought it to her attention that she was doing a good job, or that she looked pretty, or that she was smart. It showed that she was smart, she was just shy of a perfect four-point grade average. 2 The note goes on to state an apology to her parents. She felt as if she was disappointing them, by not working hard enough, and also "not good enough to please her parents" (7-9). Everything she had done seemed to be the best she could do, but to her parents, it wasn't good enough. She begins to fantasize about what it would be like if she were a son, "shoulders broad as the sunset threading through the pine" (10-11). Would she have gotten more attention? Would she then be praised for the jobs she has accomplished? Would it be good enough for her parents? Since she was a girl, her parents expected less from her. She tried to stand up and take charge, by doing chores and tasks that a boy would be required to do. Had she been a boy, her life would be a lot easier, and she would have gained more respect from her parents. She admits that "tasks did not come easy to her" (24). "Each failure, a glacier" (25). The glacier represents a big disappointment to her, as if it makes her feel cold inside, and she regrets that she could have done better. Further into the note, she pictures herself as a sparrow, "sillied and dizzied by the wind" (38-39). The reason she pictures herself as a sparrow is because a sparrow is a little bird that is not considered to be a really important creature. Compared to a hawk or an eagle, a sparrow is a peasant bird, or an everyday bird. People have noticed sparrows before, but have never pointed them out, like they would if it were a hawk or an eagle. They would praise the hawk or eagle, not a little sparrow. When people see a hawk or an eagle, they stop and say, 3 "Look!" or "Wow!" She obviously never got acknowledged for her work. She felt like she wasn't being appreciated. Near the end, she hopes that they will "bury her under a sturdy pine" (59). The pine refers back to the beginning where she pictures herself as a boy. The pine represents what would have happened if she would have turned out to be a boy. It could also mean that in the afterlife, she wants to be as strong as a pine, hoping that she will be brought back as a boy. The suicide was a way for the college student to finally be noticed. It was very unfortunate for a person to take their life just to get attention, and to finally get some appreciation for all the things she had done, which still wouldn't be good enough for her parents.