Competitive Strategy of Alibaba & Dominos Pizza-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Competitive Strategy of Alibaba and Dominos Pizza. Answer: Presentation Serious technique comprises of plans and methodologies to increase serious edge in the market. The current report gives brief depiction of Alibaba and Dominos Pizza. It likewise incorporates the hypothesis of plan of action development of both the organizations and how they have utilized it to make a particular picture in the business. Organization 1: Alibaba Alibaba Company was a B2B undertaking in its underlying years however they expanded their portfolio to ensure that they develop at a fast pace in the market. Chinese market has been encountering a slow move in the innovation and desires for the customers. Alibaba embraced advancement, hierarchical adaptability, data framework and rethinking process for ceaseless turn of events (Business Model Alibaba, 2014). Alibaba has been chosen for the examination since it is the biggest retailer on the planet. They have had the option to catch 80% of the market in China. The organization has been profited by their cost initiative technique which has been superb. They have been proactive in their methodology because of their rethinking procedure. Alibaba has had the option to produce benefits even at lower overall revenues because of their viable cost authority technique. Their plan of action depends on consistent improvement which permits them to make changes in their procedures and techniques according to the business condition. They have been utilizing Revenue model development hypotheses in the association (Gnzel and Holm, 2013). It gives a course to the association on the grounds that the income structure considers the intended interest group, estimating methodology, advertising, esteem chain and development. They have built up a well structure income plan of action which encourages them to achieve the primary destinations of the firm. They have been changing their arrangements and ways to deal with permit advancement and improvement. They have guaranteed that they give re-design in their items, administrations and worth blend. They use ad, advancements, commission, exchange and income membership model (Matzler, Bailom a nd Kohler, 2013). They have had the option to endeavor in the web based business industry. Aside from this, they have upper hand in the business because of their proactive methodology and first mover advantage. The Revenue model advancement of Alibaba centers around sharing incomes. It makes it simple for individuals to interface and sell their items through its foundation. Moreover, they have guaranteed that they think about the serious condition in the market. Their adaptable plan of action has been useful for them since they can make changes before different organizations. This has permitted them to make items and administrations according to the requests of the purchasers. They additionally permit their clients to give their input about the items and administrations (Business Model Alibaba, 2014). Despite the fact that the serious contention has been solid in China however the plan of action of Alibaba has permitted them to make a huge client base. They have had the option to ou tflank in the business when contrasted with different adversaries. The primary parts which have helped them to turn into a main online store are serious costs, high data thickness, unwavering quality, most recent innovation and redid administrations (Casadesus Masanell and Zhu, 2013). They have had the option to extend their business to any various nations and their income model has given them advantage in the district. Organization 2: Dominos Pizza Dominos Pizza is eatery network which has in excess of 13,000 outlets in various nations. They have utilized brand acknowledgment and advancements to increase key upper hand in the business. They have guaranteed that they give top notch items and adjust to the necessities and inclinations of the purchasers (Dominos Competitive Strategy, 2013). Dominos Pizza have been utilizing undertaking plan of action which has been gainful for them. They have in excess of 10,000 outlets and establishments which covers 70 nations. Dominos Pizza has been chosen for the examination since they have become a market chief. Their plan of action of establishments and minimal effort framework has made it progressively fruitful when contrasted with different contenders (Matzler, Bailom and Kohler, 2013). Dominos has utilized separating focusing on technique to make the most of the open doors in the market. They have assortment of items in their portfolio and they have set up the brand with the assistance of serious evaluating technique. Moreover, they have had the option to change the worth chain after the selection of big business plan of action (Casadesus Masanell and Zhu, 2013). It has permitted them to improve the effectiveness and nature of the items. They have additionally guaranteed that their business has further information about their clients. It enables the business to display of the organization to develop. Be that as it may, it requires positive organisaitonal culture which has been given by the administration. Their creation, appropriation, the board, contributions and deals have improved. Their systems have helped them to extend their arrive at which has expanded their client base (Gnzel and Holm, 2013). Dominos have utilized a plan of action typology to make changes i n their current methodologies and plans. It tends to be utilized for reconfiguration and business development. It incorporates surveying the current plan of action, arranging execution and checking of new plan of action. Their flexibly chain has additionally been vertically incorporated which has empowered them to lessen the cost and deal with their assets (Dominos Competitive Strategy, 2013). Alongside this, the new plan of action has altogether improved their dispersion framework and worth conveyance process. Their turnaround time has additionally diminished which has helped them to expand the fulfillment level of the shoppers. Their mindfulness and developed procedures have been useful for them. Different contenders, for example, Papa Jones, Pizza Hut, Greco, and so on have thought that it was hard to coordinate with the administrations and quality gave by the Dominos. Their model is hard to recreate for the new organizations and the rivals in the market (Casadesus Masanell and Z hu, 2013). Dominos has ensured that they proceed to develop and adjust to the changing industry condition. End It tends to be closed from the over that both Alibaba and Dominos have been performing admirably as far as rivalry and benefit. They have concentrated on advancement and consistent turn of events. Alibaba has been following Revenue model development hypothesis in the business. Then again, Dominos has been utilizing endeavor plan of action to exploit in the business. References Plan of action Alibaba. 2014. [Online]. Accessible through: https://groupithq.blogspot.in/2014/10/plan of action of-alibaba.html [Accessed on fifteenth August 2017] Casadesus Masanell, R. what's more, Zhu, F., 2013. Plan of action development and serious impersonation: The instance of support based plans of action. Key administration diary, 34(4), pp.464-482. Dominos Competitive Strategy. 2013. [Online]. Accessible through: https://www.forbes.com/locales/halahtouryalai/2013/10/15/innovation not-pizza-enables dominos-to pound contenders and-develop quicker than-mcdonalds-abroad/#53efdeecfdcf [Accessed on fifteenth August 2017] Gnzel, F. also, Holm, A.B., 2013. One size doesn't fit allunderstanding the front-end and back-finish of plan of action advancement. Worldwide Journal of Innovation Management, 17(01), p.1340002. Matzler, K., Bailom, F., Friedrich von nook Eichen, S. furthermore, Kohler, T., 2013. Plan of action development: espresso triumphs for Nespresso. Diary of Business Strategy, 34(2), pp.30-37.

How to Be a Good Teacher Free Essays

Incredible English Teachers What are the attributes of a decent educator of English? The attributes go from incredible educating and the board systems to a decent demeanor. Top Characteristics for Teachers There are 15 attributes of successful instructors that run from having exclusive standards to being adaptable and creative. These 15 qualities can be put into two classes: the executives and instructional methods and individual attributes. We will compose a custom paper test on The most effective method to Be a Good Teacher or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now To have solid homeroom the board and instructional methods, an English instructor needs to attempt an assortment of procedures to locate the ones that work for the person in question. Instructional Techniques English instructors need to show perusing, composing, review, tuning in, and talking. These are five unmistakable regions, and every ha its own arrangement of benchmarks and markers. Basically, English educators have a lot of substance to shuffle in the study hall. The rundown of pointers for their substance is very long. They should be learned of sentence structure, jargon, composing, artistic components, extraordinary books, exploring methods, discourse methodologies, and so on. Notwithstanding being an ace of substance, instructors need to have an enormous collection of educating procedures. Direct guidance, collective learning, and the jigsaw procedure, are only a couple of methods that compelling instructors use in the study hall. Assortment is the key. Along these lines, the English educator must be adaptable and ready to attempt an assortment of systems to perceive what works best with their understudies. The board Techniques Good English educators must have astounding homeroom the executives strategies. In the event that instructors can't deal with their understudies effectively, almost no learning will happen in the study hall. With the No Child Left Behind Act and current state strategy, it is significant that understudies make gains in their learning each year. For youthful instructors, homeroom the executives is typically a battle. New educators should be eager to search out prepared instructors to coach them on the most proficient method to deal with the homeroom appropriately and to attempt diverse study hall the board methodologies. Character Traits Usually, the three most significant character attributes are an adaptable methodology, a mindful mentality, and a comical inclination. There are, obviously, other character qualities that empower instructors to become incredible educators. Be that as it may, in the present downpour of progress in training, an educator should be adaptable to support an understudy. It likewise assists with having the option to snicker and to continue grinning in this atmosphere of progress. It is significant that understudies feel that their educators care about them. They have to have a sense of security in a strong learning condition since this might be the main safe spot that a few youngsters have. A protected, caring learning condition will assist understudies with working to their actual potential. Last, educators need to have a comical inclination. Such a significant number of things turn out badly consistently. It is imperative to have the option to giggle and to continue onward. The understudies need an upbeat instructor, not an irate one. The attributes of a decent instructor of English incorporate numerous characteristics and systems. English instructors need to put forth a valiant effort in actualizing procedures in the study hall to help our nation’s kids arrive at their learning potential Think back to your school days for a second, who were your preferred educators? Which ones did you gain more from and why? The odds are that they were ones who made your exercises â€Å"come alive†. Draw in you in your exercise instead of the â€Å"talk and chalk† assortment! While having a sound scholastic foundation and information regarding your matter is a certain something, being able to identify with your understudies and pass on your message in reasonable, inspirational terms is very another. This implies not exclusively having the option to identify with your students yet having the option to adjust your material to suit their necessities, and put it across in the best (charming? ) structure, making a positive, steady learning condition. Encouraging a Language Having been an educator mentor for a long time I possess little energy for the instructor who conveys a similar exercise verbatim, after quite a long time after year, without considering their individual students’ needs and student types, or those whose inner self is enormous to the point that they can't relate viably to their understudies. To my psyche, encouraging a language requires various abilities to training different subjects like History or Math. We don’t become familiar with a language by discussing it; we gain proficiency with a language by talking in it! When an educator has introduced language, the understudies ought to communicate in and utilize the language (as it is they who need the training), and not the instructor talking the most elevated level of time †subsequently the term TTT - Teacher Taking Time. Language educators likewise need to â€Å"rough tune† their language, talking in wording that are somewhat over the degree of the student, instead of over streamline (in this way giving a bogus model) or barrage them with meta-language. Center Characteristics Carl Rogers, an American analyst proposed there are three center instructor attributes to help make a compelling learning condition. †¢Respect: Being sure and non critical concerning someone else †¢Empathy: Being ready to see things from another person’s perspective †¢Authenticity: Being yourself without selfish boundaries or holing up behind work title These three characteristics an unquestionably bound to instigate an increasingly constructive learning condition, where understudies are progressively disposed to face challenges and assume liability for their own learning. Correspondence among understudy and instructor turns out to be increasingly transparent and in this manner a more grounded bond develops, in light of common regard. These characteristics ought not be â€Å"clothes† that an instructor puts on in the study hall. They must be real goals. A decent educator is one who knows about their subject as well as has the character to pass on it in connecting with, persuasive terms. Thusly exhibit and cooperation as opposed to clarification is frequently progressively viable. In short: A powerful language educator is one that thinks more about their students’ learning than they do about their own instructing! Top 10 Tips for Teachers are regularly positioned into an ungainly and unpleasant circumstance, not so much certain about their power and some of the time not set with veteran educators who are a lot of help. These tips can help understudy educators as they start their first instructing assignments. If it's not too much trouble note: these are not recommendations for how to move toward the understudies but rather for how to most successfully prevail in your new educating condition. 1. Be On Time Punctuality is significant in the ‘real world’. On the off chance that you are late, you will NOT begin on the correct foot with your participating instructor. Surprisingly more dreadful, in the event that you show up after a class has started which you should educate, you are setting that educator and yourself in an unbalanced circumstance. 2. Dress Appropriately As an educator, you are an expert and you should dress as needs be. There is nothing amiss with over dressing during your understudy educating assignments. The garments do help loan you a quality of power, particularly in the event that you look outrageously youthful. Further, your dress tells the planning instructor of your demonstrable skill and devotion to your task. 3. Be Flexible Remember that the organizing instructor has pressures set upon them similarly as you have your own weights to manage. On the off chance that you regularly train just 3 classes and the planning instructor asks that you take on additional classes one day since he has a significant gathering to join in, take a gander at this as your opportunity to get considerably further understanding while at the same time intriguing your commitment to your organizing educator. 4. Observe the School Rules This may appear glaringly evident to a few however it is significant that you don't defy school norms. For instance, on the off chance that it is contrary to the principles to bite gum in class, at that point don't bite it yourself. In the event that the grounds is ‘smoke-free’, don't illuminate during your lunch period. This is certainly not proficient and would be a detriment for you when it comes time for your planning instructor and school to provide details regarding your capacities and activities. 5. Plan Ahead If you realize you will require duplicates for an exercise, don't hold up until the morning of the exercise to get them finished. Numerous schools have methodology that MUST be followed for duplicating to happen. On the off chance that you neglect to follow these strategies you will be stuck without duplicates and will presumably look amateurish simultaneously. 6. Become a close acquaintence with the Office Staff This is particularly significant on the off chance that you accept that you will remain in the territory and perhaps going after for an occupation at the school where you are instructing. These people’s assessments of you will affect whether you are employed. They can likewise make your time during understudy showing a lot simpler to deal with. Don’t think little of their value. 7. Keep up Confidentiality Remember that on the off chance that you are taking notes about understudies or study hall encounters to turn in for grades, you ought to either not utilize their names or change them to ensure their personalities. No one can tell who you are instructing or what their relationship may be to your teachers and organizers. 8. Don’t Gossip It may be enticing to hang out in the educator relax and enjoy tattle about individual instructors. Be that as it may, as an understudy educator this would be an extremely unsafe decision. You may state something you could lament later. You may discover data that is false and mists your judgment. You may even annoy somebody without acknowledging it. Keep in mind, these are educators you could be working with again some time or another later on. 9. Be Professional With Fellow Teachers Do not hinder other teachers’ classes without a totally valid justification. At the point when you are talking with your organizing instructor or other

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Interview with the AdCom!

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Interview with the AdCom! mbaMission  hosts a weekly blog series, “Admissions Myths Destroyed,”  for our friends at  Beat the GMAT. Check out the BTG site for fresh material and ours for “reprints.” The following piece was penned by mbaMission Founder, Jeremy Shinewald: After submitting your application, you endure weeks of nervous anticipation and then you finally get that invitation to interview. You start to prepare for the interview itself and you book your flight to campus, ready to prove yourself to the admissions committee. You take your tour, sit in on a class and head down to the admissions office only to find…. (gasp!) a second year MBA student waiting to interview you and he is wearing jeans, nonetheless! “How could they be taking me seriously? I must be in some second tier that the school really does not care about!” Take a deep breath and reconsider. Question: What is the MBA admissions committee’s job? Answer: The AdCom strives to find the best candidates for their program. So, whether you interview with an admissions committee member, an alumnus or a current student (and the types of interviews vary from school to school), your interview will be treated equally by the admissions committees. Why would an admissions committee, which typically interviews thousands of applicants, disadvantage a huge group of their applicants? What would be the point of interviewing a candidate if the admissions committee did not find their alumni to be reliable interviewers? Why would the admissions committee solicit the help of their students, if they sincerely felt that these students were not capable of rendering an appropriate judgment? So, if you find yourself on campus and do not get to interview with an admissions committee member, you should maintain your focus. If you are distracted, then your interviewer won’t matter at all. Remember, your story and your ability to connect with your interviewer are far more important than anything else. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Business Analysis Tti s Diversification Strategy

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Patient Centered Care An Essential Aspiration Of High...

Introduction In recent years, the concept of patient-centered care has become a goal in itself and a tool for enhancing health outcomes for patients. If patient-centered care is properly implemented, it can have a huge impact in the health care profession. Due to the increased attention on improving the health care system, patient-centered care is an essential aspiration of high-quality health care systems. The physician-patient relationship remains an integral part of the healthcare system but there are other aspects that affect patient-centered care. According to Greene, Tuzzio, and Cherkin, patient-centered care â€Å"honors the patient’s preferences, needs, and values; applies a biopsychosocial perspective rather than a purely biomedical†¦show more content†¦For nurses, patient-centered care can be demonstrated thorough respect, response, and clear communication. When patients and their families are involved in making decisions about their care, they become safet y allies, thus preventing errors. For example, patients may alert physicians when their care is not according to their usual routine or noticing a different medication being administered (Sherwood, G. Zomorodi, M. 2014) . Implications for nursing education Quality and Safety Education for Nurses in nursing education id aimed at addressing the challenges of assuring that nurses have the knowledge, skills, and attitude (KSA) necessary to improve the quality of care in the health care systems. The concept of patient-centered care ensures that the patient is involved in the decision-making and understands the plan of care therefore preventing errors. From the classroom setting, the student will be able to understand why it is important to involve the patient, the importance of teamwork, and how to address the challenges they may face. Implications for practice Current efforts to make the health care environment more responsive to the patient’s needs, preferences, and values will help reveal factors that promote or impeded the success of patient-centered care. An important aspect of practicing patient-centered care is breaking barriers that prevent active

Risk Management Plan - 617 Words

RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN E-SOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 TOP THREE RISKS 2 RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH 2 RISK IDENTIFICATION 3 RISK QUALIFICATION 3 RISK MONITORING 3 INTRODUCTION Risk management is the process of identifying analyzing and developing appropriate steps to take in dealing with them. The process is primarily left to the project manager but it was decided during planning that risk managers will be appointed. Negative risk that may result in project failure are the most focused on. The process of risk management can be summarized as; risk identification, qualitative analysis, risk response and finally risk register. TOP THREE RISKS The top three high probability and high impact risks to this project are: Lack of commitment The fact that most of the group members are working while studying, posses a big challenge in terms of commitment during group meetings. Tasks not being completed by deadline. 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Comparing Virgina Colony with the New England Colonies free essay sample

In early America there were several colonies but the ones that stood out the most were the New England Colonies and the Virginia colony. There were many differences, for example, New England colonies were full of families while the Virginia colony was mostly dominated by males. They mostly had differences and had few things in common. The foundations of the colonies were different. The New England colonies were founded because the founders wanted freedom of religion. The founders of these colonies were the Puritans. They came to this New World so they can build a society and win Gods favor not only economically but as wells as religiously. They wanted a government that would have God involved around it. Virginia in the other hand was one of the earliest settlements in the New World and was established by over 1,200 settlers. The Virginia colony was one of the first colonies to have elected legislature called the House of Burgesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Virgina Colony with the New England Colonies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These people wanted to become economically ealthy. These to colonies had different ways to make money. Virginia was a plantation based and cash crop oriented economy. Each plantation became a community unto itself. This led to the importation of slaves from Africa to work the land. The population was mostly black slaves and there were rarely women. Even though this colony made lots of profit they had no families. There were lots of diseases and there was a high mortality rate. In the other hand the New England colonies made money y fishing and ship building. They couldnt use the soil to build plantations because the soil was unfertile and the weather was extreme. During the winter the weather was extremely cold and during the summer the heat was extremely hot. Unlike the Virginia colony this colony had lots of families. There was a high birth rate that contributed to that factor. Even though it was a populous colony there was whole lot diversity. They also had a less mortality rate and lived a longer life. They lived up to 70 years. Many people think that these colonies invented grandparents due to their longer life span. These people were really religious and were the first to speak against black slavery. These colonies were so obsessed with religion they had the famous Salem Witch Trails. During these trails they would lynch people who thought they were witches. There were so paranoid they even lynched 2 dogs. It took several years for New England to stabilize its economy and its religious foundation. They grew by having a variety of products unlike Virginia, they caught ish, raised corn and wheat, bread cattle, cut lumber, and built ships. This was all stabilized by the seventeenth century. Virginia on the other hand was the same Just owning a plantation. In fact Virginia didnt get stronger they got weaker. By 1630 their tobacco dropped to a penny a pound. Both of these colonies were founded with hope obstacles and many of their own kind dies trying to achieve their goals. It took sacrifice and dedication and they succeeded in achieving their goals.

Compare%2FContrast Essay Essays (825 words) - Education

College vs High School Matthew Screws With my first three weeks of college under my belt I have had enough time to really get a feel for the atmosphere associated with it. Compared to high school it definitely shares some commonalities however the differences far outweigh these. They both serve one purpose and that is to educate students who are willing to learn. Some of the differences include the way the instructors teach class, the amount of responsibilities you have, and the timing associated with the two. Even though they differ a great deal this does not mean the differences make either of the two better than the other. Both are major milestones in one's life that are filled with memories and knowledge. The first difference I would like to address is process of which instructors conduct class. In high school teachers may have only up to 30 students in their class at a time. This allows them to develop more personal relationships with students and overall gain a better understanding of how students learn. College professors on the other hand have classes filled with up to one hundred students or more. This makes it difficult to cater to different learning styles that are present in the student body. Since there is an increase in students for professors this also means an increase in workload. They are having to grade many more assignments than a high school teacher and therefore do not have the time to remind students to turn in work or make time for late work to be made up. In high school the teacher has a much more easier time keeping up with which student has turned in what and also can make time for students to correct and or make up overdue assignments. The second difference is the amount of responsibilities present in a college setting versus a high school one. In high school your parents are able to check your grades and make sure you are turning in all your assignments. Also parents are encouraged to communicate with teachers to understand how their child is performing and what needs to be done to help them. In college there is not a way for the parents to check grades and because of this students have to be more invested in keeping up with their progress as parents are not able to hold your hand and guide you through your workload. Parents of college students are not encouraged to communicate with professors so it is left up to the students to figure out information they may need. It may seem as if college is hanging the student out to dry but in reality mommy and daddy will not be able to hold your hand all through life. College introduces a new way of which students have to get out of their comfort zone to connect with people and find out what they need to know. The third and last difference is the overall timing of high school and college. In high school there is a set schedule that happens everyday. You start at eight o'clock and are usually done by three thirty on a normal school day. You do not get to pick your schedule and it is mostly a result of sorting algorithm used by the school. In college however you get to tailor your schedule to your preference. If you do not want to go at eight in the morning you can simply schedule your classes for later in the day. If you have to work in the evenings then choose a schedule full of morning classes. This in my opinion really gives a college student more freedom than a high school student. Gone are the days of having to drag through seven periods of classes you did not want to go to in the first place. In high school if you are late to a class there are usually repercussions like in school suspension or lunch detention whereas with college this does not exist. If you want to show up wit h five minutes left in class go right ahead the instructor will not care. There is also limited parking at colleges versus the assigned parking

Finding Hidden Writing Jobs

Finding Hidden Writing Jobs Three weeks ago, I landed a job writing $100-a-piece articles for a marketing agency. The recruiter told me I was one of only three people to respond and asked me how I had found her ad that she had deliberately placed in some uncommon corner. I sent her the article, Three Ways To Find Writing Jobs On The Deep Web, that I had once written for FundsforWriters. Three years ago, I collected search engines that crawl the Deep Web in order to find hidden online jobs. The Deep Web represents approximately 3,000 out of 1 web pages according to the science journal Nature, and they are hidden from regular search engines because they are too small, passwords of such pages include Twitter, Behance, Ryze, forums, password-protected business sites, Tumblr, Reddit, or newly-born blogs. I searched for engines that can scour these sites so I could uncover hidden writing jobs. Method I check alternative search engines to see if they retrieve ads for writing jobs. I read books on the Deep Web such as The Invisible Web I copy methods of certain HR recruiters who had devised their own systems for finding hidden opportunities (albeit in the recruiting niche). I also experiment with different keywords and keyword patterns to see which are more likely to produce jobs on different sites. So, for instance, I found that hiring writers or writers wanted works on Tumblr but I use looking for writers for Facebook. These are nine of the top engines that I uncovered. Boardreader   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Youll want to use the Advanced Search to help you make the most of this site. Few engines need as exact keywords as this does. Omgili – Oh My Gosh I Like It really does help you find communities, message boards, and discussion threads on any topic. Type in your keywords (I used looking for freelance _) and access Discussion Posts or Blog Posts. Dotmos.com – It helps you dig news in your field that you may less likely see on the common search engines. I use it for looking for jobs. too. Create Link Socialbearing.com – This engine helps you drill Twitter. Twazzup.com – This is a new all-in-one Twitter search engine. Twitter has other search engines that you can use such as OneRiot and Louis Gray, but the helpful thing about Twazzup is that you can type in whatever interests you and Twazzup returns related content. Smashfuse.com Smashfuse travels Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google+, Pinterest, Vimeo, Tumblr, and Flickr among others. Minuses: The site lacks advanced options. (I add date or country to the keyword or I use general keywords. The latter option is probably best). Blogsearchengine.org – This engine also scours StumbleUpon and delicious giving you two further sites for finding   jobs from Minus: The site lacks advanced options. MeltwaterIceRocket.com – This is one of the most powerful blog search engines. It searches blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and sites on the worldwide web. Webring Find people and groups who share your interest. This group is a cross between LinkedIn and Facebook and is especially helpful for   beginners who want to find contacts or jobs. Freelancers spend money, time, and tears networking, marketing, or cold-calling to escape the competition.  I found an easier, more comfortable way that works just as well: Probing the deep web.

Two different responses Discussion 3 JP , and Discussion 4 JB Essay

Two different responses Discussion 3 JP , and Discussion 4 JB - Essay Example Your premise that employees should be evaluated on a six month basis is right on target. Companies have to know how effective and productive an employee is. The human capital of a firm is its most valuable asset (Mayhew, 2013). I agree with you that companies too often put aside their strategic plans for the future instead of acting on them to improve the operations of the company. You are right in your premise that the employees of the firm should be involved in the strategic planning process. A good technique to increase the level of responsibility of an employee is through delegation. Delegation can be defined as the act of empowering another person to perform a job task (Mirriam-webster, 2013). Teamwork and cooperation are very important behaviors that can help enhance the productivity and efficiency of a company. The concept of teamwork is extremely important towards the success of any organization (Brianmac, 2012). As you said it is important to revise the strategic plan of a company several times during a year because the market conditions are often

Effective Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Manager - Essay Example Effective Manager As this competency to negotiate and motivate people is a very key attribute in a manager (Fowler, 2000), I have been working hard to contribute as a team player and to get everyone to work as one cohesive unit. For this, I have been volunteering to take up different opportunities that help me enhance my skills to build a strong team such as leading a group of people to accomplish a given task. This has taught me how to motivate the team to function in one particular direction. According to Alimo-Metcalfe and Alban-Metcalfe (2003), flexibility is an attribute that an effective manger must possess. In the past, I have noticed that I am often rigid when it comes to getting my plans executed. I look at it as a challenge and I have been working on this aspect. I have tried to expand my horizon to look at broader situations where flexibility is required rather than just focussing on my core role. This has helped me improve my flexibility and has helped me understand how it is crucial for m anagers to demonstrate flexibility while leading a team. As per the research done by Antonioni, D. (1994), an efficient manager should be able to resolve conflicts in the working scenario. Conflict management comes in very useful in a competitive environment where the pressure to perform to the optimum is high. It takes high emotional quotient by the managers to remain in authority and yet resolve issues amicabily (Goleman, 1999). During many situations, I have faced the challenge of conflict management among peers and I found the process very tough because there are many aspects that need to be focussed upon while managing a conflicting scenario. For example, I found it difficult to resolve the situation because two candidates felt equally passionate about one particular task. Even though I awarded the task to the one who was more equipped to handle the responsibility, I found it challenging to convince the other employee as to why the task was not assigned to him. To learn the art of conflict management, I have been observing the scenarios in which managers have been resolving conflict effectively keeping the interest of the entire team as well as the mission and objective in mind. Davis et al (1989) state that an effective manager should be able to efficiently manage self and others. For example, good managers always have the goal or objective in front of them and work towards the goal effectively keeping the development of the team as well as their own development in mind (Honey, 2004). During the past, I have exclusively focussed on my core job and hence, expanding my vision to look at the development of the team was not a priority. After understanding that it is very important in the managerial domain, I have tried to align my priorities with the mission of the team so that I am better able to improve my work along with the rest of the team. This has helped me understand a lot about the various nuances of how encouragement and motivation proves to be cri tical in a team environment. I have observed how managers are able to take active interest in the development of others while keeping the mission in mind. They do it by developing a deep understanding of the psychology and thought process of the individuals and how that would fit in with the common goal. I have also tried to improve my

Privacy and HIV Essay Example for Free

Privacy and HIV Essay I. Introduction The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted on August 21, 1996.   It was primarily designed to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of health information.   The Privacy Rule, which took effect in 2003, regulates the use and/or disclosure of protected health information.   The information contained within this paper, regarding HIV patient privacy, will discuss the subjects of the HIPAA and Privacy Rule.   This paper will also discuss patient care and rights. II. Rights of Patients: Right to Life and Right to Privacy Many HIV clinicians, both national and international, adhere to a Patient Bill of Rights that list the general rights that an HIV patient has, in regards to their treatment and privacy.    Included in this section, are the basic 17 most important rights.   Also included, as part of the Patient Bill of Rights, are 10 of the most important responsibilities of an HIV patient (Wilder, 2000). First, an HIV patient has the right to respectful care, free from discrimination of any kind, including sources of payments.   Second, an HIV patient has the right to research anything regarding any diagnosis or treatment they have received or will receive.   Many clinicians often suggest that patients should conduct their own research so that they   may better understand any events taking place (Wilder, 2000). Third, an HIV patient has the right to know exactly who is involved in their medical care, at every level.   This includes students, trainees, and volunteers as well as doctors and nurses.   Fourth, an HIV patient has the right to be involved in the establishment of their care.   An HIV patient has the right to refuse any treatment that may be recommended (Wilder, 2000). Fifth, an HIV patient has the right to privacy.   This is one of the most important rights.   Sixth, under the right to privacy, an HIV patient has the right to assume that all records and any communication, written or verbal, are confidential, except in abuse cases.   Seventh, an HIV patient has the right to examine and receive copies of their medical records (Wilder, 2000). Eighth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any advance directive they may have will be respected by any medical staff involved in their care.   Ninth, an HIV patient has the right to timely notification of changes regarding billing.   This also applies to changes in service fees (Wilder, 2000). Tenth, an HIV patient has the right to an adequate amount of time allotted during medical visits for discussion and questions.   Eleventh, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will take all necessary precautions.   This can be used two ways: precaution against infection from HIV and precaution against infecting an HIV patient with other illnesses (Wilder, 2000). Twelfth, an HIV patient has the right to make complaints or ask questions about their care.   They also have the right to expect a quick response to such complaints or questions.   Thirteenth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will provide the best health care possible.   If a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to an oncologist to treat an opportunistic cancer, the patient has the right to be informed of the disadvantages, as well as other alternatives (Wilder, 2000). Fourteenth, an HIV patient has the right to inquire about any third party relationships the medical facility has that could have an influence treatment.   Fifteenth, an HIV patient has the right to informed alternatives to treatments if a current treatment fails to have an effect.   This also applies to treatments that are still being discussed as a possibility (Wilder, 2000). Sixteenth, an HIV patient has the right to expect assistance to help with any handicaps that cause barriers.   This includes language, culture, physical, and communication.   Finally, an HIV patient has the right to timely visits with medical staff.   If a delay occurs, an HIV patient has the right to an explanation and apology (Wilder, 2000). The HIV patient’s responsibilities are not quite as detailed as the Bill of Rights, but coincide.   According to Wilder (2000), there are 10 main responsibilities an HIV patient has: 1) Provide medical staff with accurate information when possible.   Also, an HIV patient is expected to understand what role they play in their own treatment. 2) An HIV patient must take care of financial obligations as soon as possible. 3) An HIV patient must be considerate of other patients and staff, and also respect facility property. 4) An HIV patient must understand that both medicine and humans have limitations, and are not perfect.   There are always risks to consider and discuss with physicians. 5) An HIV patient must understand that the medical staff also has other patients under their care.   They have to divide their time and services as equally and efficiently as possible. 6) An HIV patient must understand as much as possible about their health insurance plan. 7) An HIV patient has the responsibility to report suspicions of fraud or illegal activity to the proper authorities. 8) An HIV patient must keep all appointment.   Whenever possible, an HIV patient must notify the medical staff if an appointment cannot be kept. 9) An HIV patient has the responsibility to notify medical staff immediately, if health conditions or medical care situations change. III. HIPAA Privacy Rule The HIPAA Privacy Rule, enacted on April 14, 2003, was designed to establish regulations regarding the use and disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI).   This includes health status, health care payments, or any provisions for health care.   The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcement of the Privacy Rule, by issuing compliance activities or monetary penalty fees against violations.   In simple terms, the Privacy Rule is meant to protect a patient’s medical history, in its entirety, including payment histories, from being disclosed by covered entities.   According to the OCR (2003), covered entities are defined as health plans, health care clearinghouses, and any health care provider who uses an electronic means to transmit health information related to transactions. Health plans are one group of covered entities.   Health plans include health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare supplement issuers, Medicare + Choice, long-term care insurers, and health, dental, vision, and prescription drug insurers.   Health plans also include government, church, and employer sponsored health plans, and multi-employer health plans (OCR, 2003). Although they are few in number, there are exceptions in covered entities.   Insurance companies that only provide automobile insurance, workers’ compensation, and casualty and property insurance are exceptions.   In addition, group health plans with less than 50 members that is employer-administered and maintained is also an exception (OCR, 2003). Health care providers, regardless of their size, are a covered entity if it uses electronic transaction transmission.   These transactions include referral authorizations and claims.   However, an electronic transmission has to be connected to a standard transaction.   The Privacy Rule covers these providers even if they use an outside service to handle electronic transactions.   Health care providers include all providers of services, such as hospitals, and all providers of any medical and health services, such as dentists, physicians, and optometrists (OCR, 2003). Health acre clearinghouses are another group of covered entities.   These groups process â€Å"nonstandard information they receive from another entity into a standard (i.e., standard format or data content), or vice versa† (OCR, 2003).   Health care clearinghouses only receive specific health information that can be used to identify someone, when processing information to a health care provider or health plan as a business associate.   Health care clearinghouses include health management information systems, billing services, and repricing companies (OCR, 2003). The Privacy Rule protects all â€Å"individually identifiable health information,† called Protected Health Information (PHI).   Identifiable information includes any data related to a patient’s physical or mental health, provisions of health care to the patient, and any payments made for health care provided to the patient.   This information usually includes a patient’s social security number, address, name, age, and birthdate.

Selecting Appropriate Graphics for Web Sites :: Websites Internet Computers Essays

Selecting Appropriate Graphics for Web Sites In giving recommendations concerning appropriate images for a splash page of a website to a beginning web developer, it is important for graphics to be relevant to a website, diverse in gender, age, and race, and appropriate in the use of color. Using Relevant Graphics I would first suggest that all graphics should be relevant to the subject of the website. If a graphic is not serving any purpose at all, I would suggest not using it because some users may become annoyed at the unneeded use of graphics. This leads me to the two fundamental purposes of graphics which Dr. Palmer discussed in class on Tuesday, February 17, 2004. Along with my course in technical editing, I have learned that graphics have either a motivational or functional purpose. I would explain to the web developer that a graphic should either draw the attention of the user (motivational) or aid in the explanation of the text (functional). After thinking of these two purposes, it would then be appropriate to address the type of graphic and context in which it will be used. For a splash page of a website, I would recommend using a photograph or clip art graphic that is both visually appealing and defining of the subject of the website. I chose these two types of graphics because of their appropriateness to a universal audience. These types of graphics are usually both visually appealing and interesting. As Susan Hilligoss and Tharon Howard state in Visual Communication: A Writer’s Guide, â€Å"Readers take in a document’s visual design and images immediately. We apply lasting memories of images across the documents we encounter. Thus the design affects readers’ first impressions of genre, interest, and importance† (8). The graphic chosen will form the first impression of the reader, therefore, graphics must be chosen with much thought. Using Diverse Graphics When choosing graphics consider that websites can be accessed by all ages and races. For this reason, a web developer should consider the appropriateness of graphics and be prepared to accept the consequences if pictures are not appropriate for younger viewers. As was discussed in class, graphics must be diverse in both ethnicity and gender. Graphics must have an even dispersal of both males and females and must not be one-sided to any race. The web designer has to remember that the world is very diverse and not everyone is just like him/herself.

Dieting Can Change a Person’s Life for the Better or Ruin One’s Health Completely

Dieting can change a person's life for the better or ruin one's health completely. What is your opinion? You are advised to spend the maximum time (40 minutes) on this task. Nowadays, Dieting is the most discussed topic worldwide. It can be beneficial or destructive either for an individual's life based on one's understanding the concept of this matter. This essay intends to outline the both situations which a society faces. The majority of the people want a good shape. That is why we are able to find a diet programme almost everywhere in the country.Most of the them have tought and gone on a diet before either to slim down or just for health problem. Dieting, judging from its original purposes, is designed to help a person to control his food consumption pattern and to restrict the amount of food he can eat. One performs diet programme in order to have an ideal shape of his body. Others undertakes the part of the medical treatments. Both objectives Improve his quality of life and we llbeing. Having a beautiful body his self esteem, probably, should be increased. Similarly, a diet prescribed by a professional will avoid certain illnesses.On the other hand, compulsive dieting can also create some problems like malnutrition due to the lack of enough food required by the body. Furthermore, when a person does not have a balanced diet needed to support his daily activities, such as carbohydrate, vitamin and protein, this can cause a weakness in the body due to lack of energy and provkes diseases such as hypotension and hypoglicemia Moreover, the diet compulsive can also create some problems such as malnutrition due to lack of enough food required by the body.Furthermore, when a person does not have a balanced diet needed to support their daily activities, such as vitamin carbohydrate and protein, this can cause a weakness in the body due to lack of energy and cause diseases such as hypotension and hypoglycemia. In conclussion, I personally believe that appropriate di et programme can help a person improve his quality of life and body wellbeing, but only when that person follows the correct procedures. As a suggestion, I believe that a person needs to discuss his diet programme with an expert so that compulsive dieting can be avoided. Enviado via iPad

Impact Of Privatization On Non Performing Loans Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4602 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Current study describes the effect of privatization on non-performing loans of conventional commercial banks in Pakistan to some extent. Process of privatization started from 1988 due to non-satisfactory performance of banks, as there was lack of lenders plans, weak credit operations, increased loans sizes and many other similar factors. Studies revealed the better performance of private banks as compared to government owned banks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Privatization On Non Performing Loans Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Most important factor is about handling of non-performing loans which may be through early risk assessment, better law and order situations, regular monitoring and other similar factors. MCB, ABL, UBL and HBL banks were privatized in order to attain efficiencies and all of these banks showed significant improvement after the privatization. Values of non-performing loans is divided in to pre-privatization and post-privatization period and collected from Banking Surveillance Department (BSD) and from the official website of SBP. This thesis is based on the two main things, firstly privatization of government owned banks and Secondly Non-Performing Loans proportion with respect to the effect of privatization. Privatization of government owned banks in Pakistan was the main reason behind the overcome of weak banking sector and as part of this policy, for the very first time in 1991, two governments owned banks of Pakistan Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Allied Bank Limited (ABL) were converted into private entities. The nature of the topic puts on view that that it cannot be studied in artificial environment. The topic has been analyzed in natural environment without any involvement, so the research is more of exploratory research and as well as descriptive. The purpose of the study is Exploratory in nature, as it aimed to collect and create appropriate information related to the topic. The method of conducting this research is based on secondary data. We have adopted the secondary data collection method, for that we have gone through the newspapers, internet, books, magazines, annual reports, articles and different libraries have been investigated. Keywords: Privatization, Pakistani banks, Loans INTRODUCTION Non-performing is: A loan that is not earning income and: (1) full payment of principal and interest is no longer anticipated, (2) principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent, or (3) the maturity date has passed and payment in full has not been made. Non-Performing Loans or we call it a bad loan has been a big problem for not only developing countries but also for developed countries. Privatization has become an important aspect all over the world especially in developing countries of the world. Privatization is the transfer of ownership of government owned institutions to the private sector. It may be share issue privatization, asset sale privatization, voucher privatization. Many countries have adopted the formula of privatization in order to strengthen the banking performance and until now most of the developed countries have converted their state owned banks to private banks. According to the different studies privatization has played a major role in Banking Sector to develop it in a more efficient manner but issue of Non-Performing Loans is still debatable all over the world, especially in developing countries. Researchers have found that most of the banks were merged or were closed in order to avoid the bankruptcy and main reason which was disclosed was high non performing loans and their high cost. All countries in the world consider banking sector as a backbone of any developed country and to make the financial sector strong and stable, governments involve actively. Pakistani government has also worked actively in making the banking sector efficient and no doubt that after privatization Pakistani banking sector has performed very well in the global market, but the main problem in Pakistan which is still held there, is the problem of Non-Performing Loans.The ongoing Non-Performing Loans has created a complex environment for banking sectors throughout the world but the most affecting one are developing countries whose banking sector has not really showed a vast improvement compare to developed countries. The main problem is the balance sheet which never figures out the true essence of Non-Performing loans. Pakistan Non-Performing Loans might be considered as a problem in the same way but there are so many reasons which compelled Pakistan to revive their banking sector and to exp ose the true picture of Non-Performing Loans. Privatization efforts in Pakistan began in Pakistan in 1988, when the banks were treated as the employment exchanges. Employers were hired on the political bases instead of on the merit bases. More and more branches were opened causing over employment. There were no trained professionals, less customer royalty, budget deficit, foreign debt burden, trade deficit, disequilibrium in the balance of payments, increasing non-performing loans. The performance of Government owned banks were at alarming level, there was lack of the financial disciplines. Privatization has been an important aspect all over the world especially the developing countries of the world like Pakistan. Two banks ABL and MCB were privatized in the decade of 1990 to 2002. A privatization commission was establish in 1991. The main purpose of privatization is to improve the performance of banking sector like asset quality, capital adequacy, earning profitability and liquidity. In 1991 Allied bank and MCB bank were privatized and the ownership of ABL was transferred to consortium comprising Ibrahim Leasing Limited and Ibrahim group. Ownership of MCB was transferred to Nishat Group lead consortium in 1991. HBL was privatized in 2003 when government of Pakistan firmly handover the management control to Agha Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED). In 2002 UBL was privatized with the ownership transferred to Best Way Abu Dhabi group. The main purpose of our study is to check the impact of privatization on non-performing loans of banks in Pakistan. Non-performing loan is the defaulted loan which is the sum of borrowed money upon which the debtor has not made the scheduled payment for at least 90 days. Non-performing loan is either default or closed to being in default. If debtor starts making payment again on a non-performing loan, it becomes a re-performing loan even if the debtor has not caught up on all the missed payments. When loan goes default maximum three months then that loan is consider to be a non-performing loan. Non-performing loans are classified by State bank of Pakistan into different categories according to their recovery. If the amount received is less than 75% of receivable and overdue by more than 180 days, it treated under the head of Other Assets specially mentioned. If the amount recovered is less than 60% and over due by more than 1 year is treated as substandard. If the amount recovered is less than 10% and overdue by more than 2 years is treated as doubtful. Similarly if the amount recovered is less than 2% and overdue by more than 3 years, treated as loss. The main reasons behind the occurrence of non-performing loans are due to the lenders lack plan to deal with risk, reduced intention to borrowers, moving along with the risk curve, weak credit operations, increased loan size increased the risk. In 1980 Italian market faced an increase in the non-performing loans due to high speculation in real estate market. The investors were more interested to invest their money in real estate markets as the economic condition of Italian markets at that time was so good. Investors were taking more and more loans from banks to earn from speculated prices in real estate markets but as the bubble of speculation burst in real estate, the investors faced a huge loss and become unable to pay back the loan to banks. The percentage of non-performing loans in Italy was contributed by real estate. Another reason of increase in non-performing loans in Italian markets was the poor policies of loans recovery. The government laws contradicted the banking policie s for loans recovery. The banker borrower relationships also contributed to increase in non-performing loans. This relationship weakened the credit control policies, as there was no detailed investigation process before the sanction of loans. The same problem was observed in Swedish financial markets where the non-performing loans caused the financial crises. They were focusing only on increasing the loan volumes and did not pay attention to cash flow processes. Our study is based on the four banks which were privatized in Pakistan and aimed to observe whether the privatization has reduced the amount of non-performing loans or not. SCOPE Paper focus on four Banks. SIGNIFICANCE There is a significant impact of privatization on the non-performing loans as the privatization has reduced the value of non-performing loans. There are many other factors along with privatization that positively impacted on banking performance in Pakistan. LITERATURE REVIEW Privatization is considered to be a tool to improve the values of non-performing loans of banks. Caribean development and cooperation committee (2001) conducted a study to observe the impact of privatization on the banking sector in Caribean. A significant improvement in the performance of banks was observed. Innovations, services and increased growth in the broad money to GDP was seen but it also increased the operating cost and interest rate spread. Megginson,W.L (2003) compared the performance of state owned banks with the private banks and found a significant difference in the performance of private owned banks. The empirical evidences showed that the state owned banks are less efficient than the private owned banks. Hussain,I (2004) observed that improvement can be achieved by privatizing the banks to some private investor instead of employees of that bank, as in the case of Allied Bank Limited whos ownership was transferred to its employees but it was a bad experience as the post-privatization performance was less than pre-privatization performance. Instead of this MCBs ownership was transferred to a group of private strategic investor that results in an efficient way. One study conducted by Jessica and Isac (2004) on the market of Italy and Sweeden and described the two ways for securing non-performing loans in small markets like Sweeden, it is better to handle bybanks himself, while in vast markets like Italy, the auction in public to asset management companies (AMCs) is better. After further investigation it was seen that historic actions of government, credit culture and management decisions crucially caused the spread of non-performing loans. Both methods of handling non-performing loans are important and they are to be used according to specific national conditions. Bonin, J.P, Hassan, I Wachtel, P (2005) studied the comparison of foreign-owned banks and government-owned banks in six relatively advanced countries, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. It was found the foreign-owned banks more efficient than government-owned banks. Two important factors that affect the efficiency of banks are the timing of privatization and the methods of privatization. Beck, T, Cull, R Jerome, A (2005) the Nigerian banks performance for the period of 1990-2001 was observed to know the effect of privatization. The banks that were privatized showed improved performance while the government owned banks were in bad condition. Islam, S, M (2005) conducted a study to find the causes and consequences of non-performing loans and described that non-performing loan cannot be avoided but can handle in a wise able way. Loans are defaulted due to poor plans to deal with risk, reduce attentions to borrowers, moving along the risk curve and lack of good models. The non-performing loans can be recovered timely by early risk assessments, motivation, and law and order situation, helped from recovery agency, reducing relaxation, developing situation specific models, real time training, regular monitoring and trade off. Khalid, U (2006) the impact of privatization and liberalization was observed which showed an improvement in the banking indicators of Pakistan. Khan, B (2006) Pre and Post privatization impact was observed on banks in Pakistan. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in liquidity ratios, profitability, deposits and non-performing loans after privatization. Umer (2006) used CAMELS framework of financial indicators to describe the effect of privatization and liberalization on the performance of banking sector of Pakistan. Privatization resulted in improved most of financial indicators in particular the performance of privatized banks has been less than satisfactory mainly due to poor showing of ABL whose ownership was transferred to its employees group. Imran and Tariq (2009) did a secondary data based result to see whether the privatization reduced the proportion of non-performing loans and increased the performance of banks or not. They studied the period of 1990 to 2004 during which MCB and ABL were privatized under the artificial environment, exploratory as well descriptive research was done by the use of SPSS software and found a positive impact of privatization on non-performing loans and improved performance. Takashi observed the Japans experience of non-performing loans, that how they affect the real economy. A relationship between the increase in non-performing loans and effects on economy was considered. They concluded the two main reasons of increase in non-performing loans i.e. the collapse of land prices, credit crunch and forbearance lending. It affected the economy indicators to fall below. Bakhtiar studied the two banks MCB and ABL to understand the impact of privatization on the banking sector Pakistan. The privatization effected on the efficiency, economy, employment, new product services and also effected legal environment. Improvement in liquidity ratios, deposits, profitability, new products and services showed the improved efficiency of banking sector, mobilization of savings increased loans, advances and investment showed improved economy. The impact was also observed on employees as salary and remuneration increased number of employees decreased but not at the alarming level. After studying the impact of privatization on economy, banking sector and effect on non-performing loans by using different models and techniques i.e CAMELS or CLSA, an effort is made to observe the impact of privatization on the non-performing loans of banks in Pakistan. PRIVATIZATION OF BANKS In 1977 it was observed that the economic situation of many industries especially banks is not satisfactory and they are suffering loss. There was lack of decision making, efficiency and investmentwas also limited. In order to overcome this situation the government of Pakistan has decided to privatize the banks. The study is based on the privatization of four banks i.e. Allied bank Limited, United bank Limited, MCB, and Habib bank Limited before and after privatization. Muslim Commercial Bank Limited (MCB) The bank has more than 60 years of experience as a leading bank in Pakistan. It was incorporated by Adamjee group on july9, 1947. The bank received prestigious recognition and award by Euro money, MMT, Asia Money, SAFA (SAARC), The Assets and the Asian Banker. Pre-Privatization Before the privatization the non-performing loans and other indicators of MCB showed that in the period of 1980-1990 the non-performing loans were in the range of 25% to 18%. The percentage of income to assets was 0.381. MCB was performing only traditional services like deposits mobilization and credit extension, project financing of industries. There were no services like personal financings, credit cards, ATM, online banking, phone banking and even housing finances. Privatization MCB was privatized on 6 April, 1991 with 26% share sold to national group at price of Rs.56 per share that amounts for total Rs.2.4 billion. There was a sales agreement between government of Pakistan and national group. According to that agreement further 25% shares were offered for subscription to public on Feb 19, 1992. Post-Privatization The growth of MCB after privatization can be observed by some indicators as total assets of MCB which were 18% in 1994 increased to 28% in 2003. A 10% increase in upward trend was seen. Total deposits were 17.6 in 1994 and grew to 26.5% in 2003 thus 9% increase in upward trend. Total advances in 1990 were 17.7% which increased to 26.7% in 2003. Non-performing loans to total loans percentage was 18.6% in 1993 which decreased to 11% in 2004 which is a great improvement in recovery of loans. Earning assets to total assets percentage for five years average is 81.20% which is higher than industry average. Allied Bank Limited (ABL) Allied Bank was the first Muslim bank which established in Pakistan as the Australian bank in Lahore with a paid up share capital of Rs.0.12 Million under the chairman ship of Khuwaja Bashir Bux. ABL has a history of more than sixty years of banking operation and having750 branches. Allied bank is leading the industry with the largest network of ATMs countrywide. Pre-Privatization As ABL was the only Muslim bank and formed on Aug 14, 1947, it faced many riots in East Punjab. Many of its branches in India were closed down and new branches in Karachi, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Sialkot, Sargodha, Jhang, Gujranwala and Kasur. In 1974 the bank was renamed Allied Bank Limited due to the resolution of Board of directors of Australasia Bank. The profit in the first year exceeds Rs.10 Million. Deposits increased by 50% and reached Rs.1460 Million. Investment increased by 72% and advances exceeds Rs.1080 million and it was for the first time in the history of bank. The seventeen years of the Bank saw a rapid growth. Branches increased from 353 in 1974 to 748 in 1991. Deposits rose from Rs.1.46 billion, and Advances and investments from Rs.1.34 billion to Rs.22 billion during this period. It also opened three branches in the UK. Privatization After MCB, Allied Bank was the second bank in the public sector to be privatized. In September 1991 ABL was privatized through an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). On September 9, 1991, 26% shares were sold to the Allied Management Group, which represented the employees of ABL at a price of Rs.70 per share. On August 23, 1993, another 25% shares were sold to AMG at a price ofRs.70 per share. This resulted in transfer of ownership from the Government of Pakistan to AMG so the ownership transfer from public to private. Post-Privatization After privatization, Allied Bank registered an unprecedented growth to become one of the premier financial institutions of Pakistan. Allied Banks capital and reserves were Rs.1.525 Billion and assets amounted to Rs.87.536 Billion and deposits were Rs.76.038 Billion. Allied Bank enjoyed an enviable position in the financial sector of Pakistan and was recognized as one of the best amongst the major banks of the country. In 1999, it transpired that one of ABLs major defaulters had purchased about 35-40% of ABL shares from employees but in July 1999, the State Bank imposed restrictions on the transfer of shares from employees to non-employees. On August 3, 2001, the SBP removed the Chairman and three Directors from the Board of ABL, who were also employees of ABL, as they were found to be working against the interests of ABL and its depositors and appointed a new Board to look after the affairs of the bank. In April 2003 the State Bank initiated the process of reconstruction of the bank and transfer of its ownership to one of the existing financial institutions in the private sector that will acquire strategic shareholding. In August 2004 as a result of capital reconstruction, the Banks ownership was transferred to a consortium comprising Ibrahim Leasing Limited and Ibrahim Group. United Bank Limited (UBL) Retail Banking and related services domestically and overseas. A professional team was appointed in the mid of 1997 for the purpose of restructure the bank and to commence rightsizing. The management is also in the process of rationalizing the branch network and identifying and recovering the doubtful and classified portfolio. It has planned to institute major improvements in customer services and internal UBL formed in 1959 and now one of the major banks in Pakistan in terms of deposits and advances with a huge domestic and international network. UBL is a Banking Company, which is engaged in Commercial systems to improve efficiency of bank. It also intends to launch innovative products. The bank is increasing resource mobilization through regular deposit campaigns and accelerating the process of recovery of outstanding advances and non-performing assets. Pre-privatization Tracking the history backward, after it was proposed that UBL privatized has recorded the heaviest fall in profitability in 1994. The pretax profit reduced from Rs.275 million in 1993 to Rs.59 million in 1994 an alarming decline of 79%. Since nationalization, around two decades ago, successive governments appointed management had doled out around Rs.17 billion (25% of all advances) worth of non-recoverable loans in the form of politically influenced advances. This is essentially Rs.17 billion of depositors funds given out to favorites who are now either unwilling or unable to pay them back. The bank, as a result, is now being run with an estimated negative net worth of more than Rs.12 billion The Banks 28 foreign branches were profitable but a large number of its local branches continue to incur heavy losses. On top of it the influence of Union and political pressures, to the level of rendering the management helpless, has resulted in 40% of its loans being termed non-performing. Th e bank was also suffering a surplus staff of nearly eight thousand in its total strength of 22,500, whose future hangs in uncertainty. Besides over-staffing the bank also suffers from non-professionalism, deliberate violation of rules, wasteful expenditures and lack of accountability. Privatization In 2002, the Government of Pakistan sold it in an open auction to a consortium of Abu Dhabi Group and Best way Group. Abu Dhabi Group has given Rs.12.3 billion each acquiring 25.5% shares and management control in the bank. In 2002 the bank merged its operations in the UK with those belonging to National Bank of Pakistan to form United National Bank Limited. United Bank owns 55% of the joint-venture and National Bank of Pakistan owning the remainder. Post-Privatization The performance of bank after the privatization improved as many banking indicators are showing. The Paid-up capital of United Bank Limited was increased by way of bonus during 2006, deposit base increased by 16% and that was Rs.335.1 billion. Due to the international growth of bank almost 19%of total deposits base is mobilized from the overseas branches and it contributed almost 52% of total growth in 2006. Net advances increased from Rs.204.b billion to Rs.247.3 billion during 2006 both the corporate and consumer lending contributed to the growth achieved during 2006. Although there has been growth in NPLs overall portfolio quality indicators have improved with net infection reducing to 1.1%. UBL has also grown to the international markets as 15 branches are created in various foreign countries. Profit before tax from these international operations increased by 31% to Rs.2.48 billion during 2006. Total assets of UBL also increased by 22% that is Rs.423.3 billion in 2006 from Rs.347 .1 billion at the end of previous year. Habib Bank Limited (HBL) Habib bank limited is the first commercial bank that was formed in 1947. It remained a successful bank in Pakistan and it was ranked as a largest private bank in Pakistan with 1450 branches across the nation. HBL is enjoy a good ranking for long term as well as for short term i.e. AA for long term and A1+ for short term.. Habib bank Limited was nationalized in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime and after that the performance showed a positive indicator. The commercial banking market share reached to 55% by inward remittances and also the loan scheme for farmers and small businesses. It that times the profit of HBL was doubled from all other commercial banks like MCB, ABL, NBP and UBL. Pre-Privatization Habib bank was enjoying a good performance after its nationalization. In in the regime of Ayub Khan a new scheme for loans was introduced whose purpose was to boost the agriculture sector. That scheme was named Green revolution. In the government of Junejo a new strategy was formulated in order to cut down the expenses and for the profit maximization and that strategy provided fruitful results. In the government of Shoukat Aziz, another strategy was formulated which aimed to retire old employees by golden shake hand packages and to hire young, and energetic employees to gain the efficiency in workings. It boosts the bank performance as bank was enjoying huge profits, huge salary increment, bonuses and other compensative incentives. Privatization Privatization of HBL was done by Dr. Abdul Hafiz on 29th Dec 2003 and as a result of that biding the management was given to Agha Khan Funds for Economic Development by 51% shares for Rs.22.409billion. Post-Privatization A significant improvement in the performance of bank was seen. The management of the bank was handed over to chairman of the bank. HBL first time introduced the concept of corporate governance as per SBPs requirement due to which only the CEO was the executive body of the bank. It was decided to have meeting of board after every 3 months. If we observe the financial indicator of the bank after privatization, the impact of privatization can be viewed. The total deposits of the bank increased by 12% during the years of 2003-2004. The total assets also increased which reduces the risk of liquidity. Loan and advances grown by 41% and liquid assets were decreased which were due to the investments in different portfolios and it was resulted by the decrease in the non-performing loans. The net income also increased by 10%. Total expenditure of the bank was increased by 42 % which was the result of increase in deposits. The non-performing loans were decreased by 56%. Almost 46 branches were closed that were non-profitable. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS Muslim Commercial Bank Limited The PR-P line is representing the pre-privatization non-performing loans of MCB Bank. In 1988 the non-performing loans reached to 29% which was very high and it may be due to the placement of new government. PO-P line is representing the non-performing loans after the privatization. During 2004 to 2008 NPLs reduced to one digit figure this was the period of new government of Parvez Musharaf. This was the booming period of economy. MCB has also been awarded as a Euro money Award 2008 for the Best Bank in Asia but unfortunately NPLs again begins to rise in 2010 because of the political crises. Figure 1: Muslim Commercial Bank Limited Allied Bank Limited In 1981-84 board of directors of bank was dissolved and new management took over the bank so there we find a large figure of NPLs. In the starting period after privatization in NPLs were increasing continuously till 2003 because of the continuous change in management and policies of banks. Bank saw a rapid growth in 2007-2010 as well as saw a decline in NPLs. Figure 2: Allied Bank Limited United Bank Limited In 1998 due to influence of union and political pressure, the management became helpless which results the 40% increment in NPLs. During 2001 the Bank merged their operations with National bank of Pakistan in UK which made decrease in NPLs. After privatization NPLs shows one digit figures because of his rapid growth in banking sector. Figure 3: United Bank Limited Habib Bank Limited HBL had a problem of over staffing which shrinkage the profits. During pre-privatization period HBL was highly influenced by the government policies which cause the lack of consistency. After privatization HBL had considerable growth. They changed their management style from traditional to corporate. On the other hand, the provisions provided by HBL to its NPLs are decreased by 56% as compare to pre-privatization period. Figure 4: Habib Bank Limited CONCLUSION From the graphical analysis it has been cleared that there is a significant impact of privatization on the non-performing loans as the privatization has reduced the value of non-performing loans. The most important is the Banking Reform by State Bank of Pakistan. From 1990s the effort was started to improve the banking performances, also with the non-performing aspect. A number of reforms were introduced for the restructuring regulations and policies. Due to banking reform, Corporate governance standards were first time introduced, risk assessment and loan portfolio management, supervision and improvement in credit decision by removing political influence was done. Human resource recruitments at all levels were made on merit. Information technology was improved to introduce e-banking. Almost 75% of banking employees and 90% of banking customers represented that these banking reforms has positively effected on the performance of banks. And only 20% banking employees, 4% banking custom ers showed dissatisfaction as it has increased the cost too. Minimum capital requirement was also set up in these reforms that are Rs.1.0billion to Rs.2.0billion. So, there are many other factors along with privatization that positively impacted on banking performance in Pakistan.